Chapter 7

Question 1

Biological variations

Answer 1

the physical, biological, and physiological characteristics that exist between racial groups and distinguish one racial group from another. These characteristics occur in areas of growth and development, skin color, enzymatic differences, susceptibility to disease, and laboratory test findings

Question 2

Communication

Answer 2

the means by which culture is shared

Question 3

Cultural Accommodation

Answer 3

refers to assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling nurse actions and decisions that help clients of a particular culture accept nursing strategies, or negotiate with nurses to achieve satisfying health care outcomes.

Question 4

Cultural Awareness

Answer 4

refers to the self-examination and in-depth exploration of one’s own biases, stereotypes, and prejudices as they influence behavior toward other cultural groups

Question 5

Cultural Blindness

Answer 5

there is an inability to recognize the differences between one’s own cultural beliefs, values, and practices and those of another culture

Question 6

Cultural Competence

Answer 6

entails a combination of culturally congruent behaviors practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to use interpersonal communication, relationship skills, and behavioral flexibility to work effectively in cross-cultural situations

Question 7

Cultural Conflict

Answer 7

a perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations when nurses are unable to respond appropriately to another individual’s cultural practice b/c of unfamiliarity with the practice

Question 8

Cultural Desire

Answer 8

the fifth element needed in the process of developing cultural competence. It refers to nurses’ intrinsic motivation to want to engage in the previous four elements necessary to provide culturally competent care. It is based on the humanistic value of caring for the individual.

Question 9

Cultural Diversity

Answer 9

refers to the degrees of variation that is represented among populations based on lifestyle, ethnicity, race, interest, across place, and place of origin across time. it includes other aspects of variation among people, such as social class, gender identity, sexual orientation, physical abilities/disabilities and care beyond multiculturalism. Cultural diversity also refers to the changing populations of the world as it becomes more of a global village.

Question 10

Cultural Encounter

Answer 10

fourth element to be culturally competent. Refers to the process that permits nurses to seek opportunities to directly engage in cross-cultural interactions with clients of diverse cultures to modify existing beliefs about a specific cultural group and possibly avoid stereotyping

Question 11

Cultural Imposition

Answer 11

the belief on one’s own superiority or ethnocentrism, and is the act of imposing one’s cultural beliefs, values, and practices on individuals from another culture

Question 12

Cultural Knowledge

Answer 12

refers to the process of searching for and obtaining a sound educational understanding about culturally diverse groups

Question 13

Cultural Nursing Assessment

Answer 13

is “a systematic identification and documentation of the culture care beliefs, meanings, values, symbols, and practices of individuals or groups within a holistic perspective, which includes the worldview, life experiences, environmental context, ethno history, language, and diverse social structure influences

Question 14

Cultural Preservation

Answer 14

refers to assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling nurse actions and decisions that help the clients of a particular culture to retain and preserve traditional values, so they can maintain, promote, and restore health. For example, acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice of inserting needles in specific points on the skin through which life energy flows, is used to relieve pain or cure diseases by restoring balance of yin and yang

Question 15

Cultural Relativism

Answer 15

the goal for nurses is to develop an approach of this. Whereby they recognize that clients have different approaches to health, and that each culture should be judged on its own merit and not on the nurse’s personal beliefs

Question 16

Cultural Repatterning

Answer 16

refers to assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling nurse actions and decisions that help clients of a particular culture to change or modify a cultural practice for new or different health care patterns that are meaningful, satisfying, and beneficial

Question 17

Cultural Skill

Answer 17

the third element of developing cultural competence. Refers to the ability of nurses to effectively integrate cultural awareness and knowledge when conducting a cultural assessment as well as culturally based physical assessment and to use data to meet the specific needs of clients

Question 18

Culture

Answer 18

a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a group of people and is transmitted intergenerationally

Question 19

Culture Brokering

Answer 19

is advocating, mediating, negotiating, and intervening between the client’s culture and the biomedical health care culture on behalf of clients.

Question 20

Culture Shock

Answer 20

is the feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to a cultural group whose beliefs and values are radically different from the individual’s culture. When nurses experience culture shock, it may be a normal reaction to a client’s beliefs and practices that are not allowed or approved in the nurse’s own culture

Question 21

Disparities

Answer 21

are used to describe incongruent elements

Question 22

Ethnicity

Answer 22

is the shared feeling of peoplehood among a group of individuals and relates to cultural factors such as nationality, geographic region, culture, ancestry, language, beliefs, and traditions

Question 23

Environmental control

Answer 23

refers to the person’s relationship with nature and efforts to plan and direct factors in the environment that affect them

Question 24

Ethnocentrism

Answer 24

AKA cultural prejudice, is the belief that one’s own cultural group determines the standards by which another group’s behavior is judged. One’s own standards are better and superior.
Ethnocentric nurses favor their own professional values and find unacceptable that which is different from their culture. Their inability to accept different worldviews often leads them to devalue the experiences of others, judge them to be inferior, and treat those who are different from themselves with suspicion or hostility

Question 25

Foreign-born

Answer 25

refers to all residents who were not a US citizen at birth, regardless of their current legal or citizen status, or those whose parents were not US citizens.

Question 26

Health disparities

Answer 26

are associated with inequity in social structures based on particular characteristics such as ethnicity, race, immigrant status, gender, age, and sexual orientation. Health disparities stem from characteristics historically linked to discrimination. They are also expressed in differences in morbidity and mortality rates among population groups linked to factors such as race or ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, mental health, sexual orientation, place of origin, and residence.

Question 27

Health Equity

Answer 27

is concerned with providing social justice in health so that individuals are not disadvantaged from achieving the highest possible standard of health based on membership in a group that has historically been disadvantaged

Question 28

Health Literacy

Answer 28

the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health care decisions. Low health literacy negatively influences understanding of medical information, obtaining health care services, managing chronic conditions. Low literacy is more common among the elderly, minority populations, immigrants, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, and the medically underserved.

Question 29

Immigrants

Answer 29

to the US, are born in countries or territories external to the US and migrate to the US, contributing to its vast diversity. Place of origin for the immigrant is distinguished from nationality, which refers to the place where the individual has or had citizenship

Question 30

Interpreter

Answer 30

when nurses do not speak or understand the client’s language, they must get assistance from an interpreter to ensure full and effective communication.

Question 31

Legal immigrants

Answer 31

first category of foreign born. AKA lawful permanent citizens . this group constitutes about 85% of immigrant pop. They are not citizens but are legally allowed to live and work in the US, usually b/c they fulfill labor demands or have family ties

Question 32

lawful permanent citizens

Answer 32

AKA Legal immigrants

Question 33

Marginalization

Answer 33

happens to vulnerable populations when a segment of the population has been excluded from the mainstream social, economic, cultural, or political life

Question 34

Non-immigrants

Answer 34

third category of foreign born. These are ppl admitted to the US for a limited duration and for specified purpose. non-immigrants include students, tourists, temporary workers, business executives, career diplomats, their spouses and children, artists, entertainers, and reporters.

Question 35

Perception of time

Answer 35

refers to past, present, and future time as well as to the duration and period between events.

Question 36

Personal space

Answer 36

is the physical distance maintained between individuals during an interaction

Question 37

Prejudice

Answer 37

the emotional manifestation of deeply held beliefs/stereotypes about a group. These beliefs are directed toward a person who is a member of that group, and who is presumed to have the qualities ascribed to the group. Prejudice is not based on reason or experience but rather on negative or favorable preconceived feelings. These feelings are often precursors for discriminatory acts based on prejudging, limited knowledge about, misinformation about, fear of, or limited contact with individuals from that group.

Question 38

Quality of Care

Answer 38

means that the client has access to health care and that the care is delivered by culturally competent nurses to help clients achieve positive health outcomes

Question 39

Race

Answer 39

a biological variation within population groups based on physical markers derived from genetic ancestry such as skin color, physical features, and hair texture

Question 40

Racism

Answer 40

a form of prejudice that occurs through exercise of power by individuals and institutions against ppl who are judged to be inferior on the basis of intelligence, morals, beauty, inheritance, and self worth.

Question 41

Refugees

Answer 41

second category of foreign born. Persons seeking asylum. The Refugee Act of 1980 provided a uniform procedure for refugees to be admitted to the United States

Question 42

Social determinants of health

Answer 42

are the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness.

Question 43

Social justice

Answer 43

is concerned with values of impartiality and objectivity at a systems or governmental level and is founded on principles of fairness, equity, respect for self and human dignity, and tolerance. Practicing social justice is acting in accordance with fair treatment regardless of economic status, race, ethnicity, age, citizenship, disability, or sexual orientation.

Question 44

Social organization

Answer 44

refers to the way in which families are structured to carry out role functions. Members depend on the extended family and kinship for emotional, social, and financial support in time of crisis.

Question 45

Socioeconomic status

Answer 45

the relationship between health disparities and socioeconomic status is reflected in life expectancy, infant death rates, low birth rates, and other health measures.

Question 46

Stereotyping

Answer 46

is ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about a given racial and ethnic group to an individual without assessing for individual differences.

Question 47

Unauthorized immigrants

Answer 47

fourth category of foreign born. Undocumented or illegal aliens. May have crossed the border into the US illegally, or their legal permission may have expired.