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A&P > Chapter 9: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is characterized by bones connected by fibrous connective tissue?

A. Cartilaginous joint
B. Synovial joint
C. Fibrous joint
D. Amphiarthrosis

A

C. Fibrous joint

Explanation: A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.

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2
Q

The structural classification of joints is based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications: ________ joint, ________ joint, and ________ joint.

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Explanation: Joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, or synovial joints based on how the bones are connected.

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3
Q

Synarthrosis is a type of joint that allows for free movement between the bones.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Synarthrosis is an immobile or nearly immobile joint that provides a strong union between the articulating bones, crucial for protection of internal organs.

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4
Q

Which type of joint is filled with a lubricating fluid, allowing for free movement between the bones?

A. Fibrous joint
B. Cartilaginous joint
C. Synovial joint
D. Synarthrosis

A

C. Synovial joint

Explanation: Synovial joints have articulating surfaces that contact each other within a joint cavity filled with lubricating fluid, allowing for free movement.

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5
Q

An ________ is a joint that has limited mobility, such as the intervertebral discs between vertebrae or the pubic symphysis of the pelvis.

A

amphiarthrosis

Explanation: Amphiarthrosis is a type of joint with limited mobility, providing stability while allowing for some movement.

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6
Q

All synovial joints are classified as diarthrosis joints.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Diarthrosis joints are freely moveable joints, and all synovial joints fall under this classification due to their structure.

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7
Q

What is the function of slightly moveable joints?

A. To provide protection for internal organs
B. To allow for extensive movements of the body and limbs
C. To provide stability to the body and allow for limited body movement
D. To unite the bones by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

A

C. To provide stability to the body and allow for limited body movement

Explanation: Slightly moveable joints protect internal organs, give stability to the body, and allow for limited movement.

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8
Q

________ joints are immobile joints that are important at locations where bones provide protection for internal organs.

A

Synarthrosis

Explanation: Synarthrosis joints are immobile or nearly immobile, providing a strong union between bones to protect internal organs.

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9
Q

What type of joint is classified as a diarthrosis?

A. Synarthrosis
B. Amphiarthrosis
C. Synovial joint
D. Fibrous joint

A

C. Synovial joint

Explanation: Diarthrosis refers to freely movable joints, which include all synovial joints in the body.

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10
Q

Diarthroses are classified based on the number of axes of motion provided by each joint. These classifications include ________ joints (movement in one plane), ________ joints (movement in two planes), and ________ joints (movement in three planes).

A

uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Explanation: Diarthroses are categorized as uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial based on the planes in which they allow movement.

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11
Q

The elbow joint is an example of a uniaxial joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: A uniaxial joint allows movement in a single plane, such as the bending and straightening motions of the elbow joint.

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12
Q

Which type of joint allows for movement along three axes?

A. Uniaxial joint
B. Biaxial joint
C. Multiaxial joint
D. Synarthrosis

A

C. Multiaxial joint

Explanation: Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow for movement along three axes, enabling a wide range of motions.

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13
Q

A ________ joint allows for movement in a single plane, while a ________ joint allows for movement within two planes.

A

uniaxial, biaxial

Explanation: Uniaxial joints allow movement in one plane, and biaxial joints allow movement in two planes.

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14
Q

The shoulder joint is an example of a uniaxial joint.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The shoulder joint is a multiaxial joint, allowing movement along three axes, providing extensive mobility.

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15
Q

What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint) of the hand?

A. Uniaxial joint
B. Biaxial joint
C. Multiaxial joint
D. Synarthrosis

A

B. Biaxial joint

Explanation: The metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint) of the hand allows movement along two axes, making it a biaxial joint.

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16
Q

Multiaxial joints allow for movement along three axes: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and ________.

A

rotational

Explanation: Multiaxial joints permit movement in three directions: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and rotational.

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17
Q

Diarthroses provide limited mobility compared to synarthroses.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Diarthroses are freely movable joints, providing a wide range of motion compared to synarthroses, which are immobile or nearly immobile.

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18
Q

What type of fibrous joint is found between the roots of a tooth and the bony socket in the jaw?

A. Suture
B. Syndesmosis
C. Gomphosis
D. Synostosis

A

C. Gomphosis

Explanation: A gomphosis is the narrow fibrous joint between the roots of a tooth and the bony socket in the jaw.

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19
Q

A ________ is a narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull, whereas a ________ joint involves bones that are more widely separated but held together by a narrow band of fibrous connective tissue or a wide sheet of connective tissue called an interosseous membrane.

A

suture, syndesmosis

Explanation: Sutures are fibrous joints between most skull bones, while syndesmosis joints involve bones separated by fibrous connective tissue or an interosseous membrane.

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20
Q

In newborns and infants, the areas of connective tissue between the bones of the skull are much wider, especially at the fontanelles.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The fontanelles in newborns and infants provide flexibility and allow for rapid growth and movement of the skull bones.

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21
Q

Which of the following describes the process where fibrous joints between skull bones ossify and fuse together?

A. Syndesmosis
B. Synostosis
C. Suture
D. Gomphosis

A

B. Synostosis

Explanation: Synostosis refers to the fusion of adjacent bones by ossification of connective tissue.

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22
Q

The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites adjacent skull bones and helps to protect the ________.

A

brain

Explanation: Sutures tightly unite skull bones, protecting the brain and forming the face.

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23
Q

A syndesmosis joint is characterized by a wide gap filled with a broad sheet of connective tissue, allowing for high mobility between the bones.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: While syndesmosis joints involve a broad sheet of connective tissue, they do not allow for high mobility and are functionally classified as amphiarthrosis with limited movement.

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24
Q

What is the function of the periodontal ligament in a gomphosis joint?

A. To connect the radius and ulna
B. To unite skull bones
C. To anchor the root of a tooth into its socket
D. To form a broad area of connective tissue in newborns

A

C. To anchor the root of a tooth into its socket

Explanation: The periodontal ligament in a gomphosis joint anchors the tooth root into its bony socket.

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25
Q

________ joints are found in the forearm and leg, where they serve to unite parallel bones and prevent their separation.

A

Syndesmosis

Explanation: Syndesmosis joints unite parallel bones, such as the radius and ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the leg.

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26
Q

Fontanelles allow the skull bones to push closer together or overlap slightly during birth, aiding the infant’s passage through the birth canal.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Fontanelles provide flexibility to the skull, allowing bones to move closer or overlap during birth, facilitating the infant’s passage through the birth canal.

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27
Q

What type of connective tissue unites the bones at a cartilaginous joint?

A. Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
B. Dense fibrous connective tissue
C. Ligaments
D. Tendons

A

A. Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Explanation: Cartilaginous joints are united by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

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28
Q

A ________ is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, while a ________ is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage.

A

synchondrosis, symphysis

Explanation: Synchondrosis joints are joined by hyaline cartilage, and symphysis joints are joined by fibrocartilage.

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29
Q

The pubic symphysis is an example of a synchondrosis joint.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The pubic symphysis is a type of symphysis joint, where bones are joined by fibrocartilage.

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30
Q

Which of the following is a temporary synchondrosis?

A. Pubic symphysis
B. Epiphyseal plate
C. Intervertebral disc
D. Manubriosternal joint

A

B. Epiphyseal plate

Explanation: The epiphyseal plate is a temporary synchondrosis that eventually ossifies and forms a single adult bone.

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31
Q

The fusion of the diaphysis and epiphysis portions of the bone, forming a single adult bone, is called ________.

A

synostosis

Explanation: Synostosis occurs when the diaphysis and epiphysis fuse together after the epiphyseal plate ossifies.

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32
Q

Permanent synchondroses retain their hyaline cartilage and do not ossify with age.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Permanent synchondroses, such as the sternocostal joints, retain their hyaline cartilage and do not ossify with age.

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33
Q

What is the main function of fibrocartilage in a symphysis joint?

A. To provide a rigid connection between bones
B. To allow extensive movement between bones
C. To resist pulling and bending forces
D. To lubricate the joint

A

C. To resist pulling and bending forces

Explanation: Fibrocartilage in a symphysis joint is strong and resists pulling and bending forces, providing limited movement and strong union between bones.

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34
Q

The ________ is a symphysis joint located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.

A

intervertebral disc

Explanation: The intervertebral disc is a symphysis joint filled with fibrocartilage that allows for limited movement between vertebrae.

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35
Q

The manubriosternal joint is an example of a synchondrosis.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The manubriosternal joint is an example of a symphysis, where fibrocartilage joins the manubrium and body portions of the sternum.

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36
Q

Which type of joint is classified as an amphiarthrosis?

A. Synchondrosis
B. Synostosis
C. Symphysis
D. Syndesmosis

A

C. Symphysis

Explanation: Symphysis joints, joined by fibrocartilage, are functionally classified as amphiarthrosis, allowing limited movement.

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37
Q

What is a key structural characteristic of a synovial joint that is not seen in fibrous or cartilaginous joints?

A. Presence of ligaments
B. Presence of a joint cavity
C. Presence of cartilage
D. Direct connection by fibrous connective tissue

A

B. Presence of a joint cavity

Explanation: Synovial joints are characterized by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, which allows for smooth movement between bones.

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38
Q

The ________ is a fibrous connective tissue structure that forms the walls of the joint cavity in synovial joints.

A

articular capsule

Explanation: The articular capsule surrounds the joint cavity and is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface.

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39
Q

Synovial joints allow for less movement compared to fibrous and cartilaginous joints.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Synovial joints allow for more movement compared to fibrous and cartilaginous joints due to the presence of a joint cavity and synovial fluid.

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40
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

A. To provide structural support
B. To reduce friction between bones
C. To connect bones directly
D. To prevent movement

A

B. To reduce friction between bones

Explanation: Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement between articulating surfaces.

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41
Q

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone in a synovial joint is called ________.

A

articular cartilage

Explanation: Articular cartilage covers the articulating surfaces, preventing friction and allowing smooth movement.

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42
Q

Ligaments located outside of the articular capsule are known as extrinsic ligaments.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Extrinsic ligaments are located outside the articular capsule and provide additional support to the joint.

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43
Q

What is the function of an articular disc in a synovial joint?

A. To connect muscles to bones
B. To provide shock absorption and cushioning
C. To secrete synovial fluid
D. To limit joint movement

A

B. To provide shock absorption and cushioning

Explanation: Articular discs provide shock absorption and cushioning between articulating bones, helping to protect the joint from impact.

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44
Q

A ________ is a thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid that helps reduce friction between adjacent structures in a synovial joint.

A

bursa

Explanation: Bursae are sacs filled with lubricating fluid that reduce friction between bones, skin, muscles, and tendons.

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45
Q

The subcutaneous bursa is located between a muscle and an underlying bone.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The subcutaneous bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone, while the submuscular bursa is found between a muscle and a bone.

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46
Q

Which type of ligament is located inside the articular capsule?

A. Extrinsic ligament
B. Intrinsic ligament
C. Intracapsular ligament
D. Submuscular ligament

A

C. Intracapsular ligament

Explanation: Intracapsular ligaments are located inside the articular capsule and provide stability from within the joint.

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47
Q

What is the function of a bursa in a synovial joint?

A. To connect muscles to bones
B. To provide structural support
C. To reduce friction between adjacent structures
D. To produce synovial fluid

A

C. To reduce friction between adjacent structures

Explanation: Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between skin, muscle, or tendon and an underlying bone, preventing them from rubbing against each other.

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48
Q

Bursitis is the inflammation of a ________ near a joint, causing pain, swelling, and tenderness.

A

bursa

Explanation: Bursitis refers to the inflammation of a bursa, which can cause pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area.

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49
Q

Bursitis can be caused by muscle overuse, trauma, or excessive pressure on the skin.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Bursitis can arise from muscle overuse, trauma, excessive or prolonged pressure on the skin, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection.

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50
Q

Which of the following types of bursitis is commonly known as “housemaid’s knee”?

A. Subacromial bursitis
B. Trochanteric bursitis
C. Prepatellar bursitis
D. Olecranon bursitis

A

C. Prepatellar bursitis

Explanation: Prepatellar bursitis, known as “housemaid’s knee,” occurs in the bursa located between the skin and patella bone.

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51
Q

The ________ bursa is found between a muscle and an underlying bone or between adjacent muscles.

A

submuscular

Explanation: The submuscular bursa prevents rubbing of the muscle during movements by being located between a muscle and an underlying bone or between adjacent muscles.

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52
Q

A tendon sheath is similar to a bursa but smaller, and it surrounds a muscle tendon at places where the tendon crosses a joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: A tendon sheath is a connective tissue sac similar to a bursa that surrounds a muscle tendon, providing lubrication and allowing smooth motion during muscle contraction.

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53
Q

How many types of synovial joints are there based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces?

A. Four
B. Five
C. Six
D. Seven

A

C. Six

Explanation: There are six types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces: pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and-socket joints.

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54
Q

________ joints are synovial joints that allow for rotational movement around a single axis.

A

Pivot

Explanation: Pivot joints allow for rotational movement around a single axis.

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55
Q

The knee joint contains three major bursae: the suprapatellar bursa, prepatellar bursa, and infrapatellar bursa.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The knee joint contains three major bursae: the suprapatellar bursa, prepatellar bursa, and infrapatellar bursa, which help reduce friction and allow smooth movement.

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56
Q

What type of synovial joint allows for a wide range of movement in all directions, including rotation?

A. Hinge joint
B. Plane joint
C. Condyloid joint
D. Ball-and-socket joint

A

D. Ball-and-socket joint

Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints allow for a wide range of movement in all directions, including rotation, as seen in the shoulder and hip joints.

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57
Q

Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement around a single axis?

A. Hinge joint
B. Pivot joint
C. Condyloid joint
D. Ball-and-socket joint

A

B. Pivot joint

Explanation: Pivot joints allow for rotational movement around a single axis, such as the atlantoaxial joint between the C1 and C2 vertebrae.

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58
Q

A ________ joint allows for bending and straightening motions along a single axis, such as the elbow joint.

A

hinge

Explanation: Hinge joints, like the elbow, allow for bending and straightening motions along a single axis.

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59
Q

Condyloid joints are functionally classified as uniaxial joints.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Condyloid joints are biaxial joints, allowing movement in two planes.

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60
Q

What type of synovial joint is found at the base of the thumb, allowing for movements in two planes?

A. Plane joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Saddle joint
D. Ball-and-socket joint

A

C. Saddle joint

Explanation: The saddle joint at the base of the thumb allows for movements in two planes.

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61
Q

________ joints have flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces that allow bones to slide against each other, as seen in the intercarpal joints of the wrist.

A

Plane

Explanation: Plane joints, such as intercarpal joints, have flat or slightly curved surfaces that allow bones to slide against each other.

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62
Q

Ball-and-socket joints are classified as multiaxial joints, allowing movement in multiple planes.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints, like the hip and shoulder joints, allow for movement in multiple planes and are classified as multiaxial joints.

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63
Q

Which joint type allows the greatest range of motion, including movement in all directions and rotation?

A. Hinge joint
B. Pivot joint
C. Saddle joint
D. Ball-and-socket joint

A

D. Ball-and-socket joint

Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest range of motion, including movement in all directions and rotation, such as in the hip and shoulder joints.

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64
Q

The ________ joint is a pivot joint found at the proximal radioulnar joint, allowing for forearm rotation.

A

second

Explanation: The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint that allows for forearm rotation.

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65
Q

Saddle joints are only found in the thumb.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: While the most well-known saddle joint is at the base of the thumb, other saddle joints can be found, such as the sternoclavicular joint.

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66
Q

Which type of joint is classified as a uniaxial diarthrosis?

A. Condyloid joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Saddle joint
D. Plane joint

A

B. Hinge joint

Explanation: Hinge joints are classified as uniaxial diarthrosis, allowing movement along a single axis.

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67
Q

What is the most common type of arthritis associated with aging and “wear and tear” of the articular cartilage?

A. Rheumatoid arthritis
B. Gout
C. Osteoarthritis
D. Psoriatic arthritis

A

C. Osteoarthritis

Explanation: Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis associated with aging and the “wear and tear” of the articular cartilage.

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68
Q

________ is a form of arthritis that results from the deposition of uric acid crystals within a body joint.

A

Gout

Explanation: Gout occurs when uric acid crystals accumulate in joints, causing pain and inflammation.

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69
Q

Osteoarthritis can be completely cured with appropriate treatments.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but treatments can help alleviate the pain and manage the symptoms.

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70
Q

Which condition is known as “housemaid’s knee”?

A. Subacromial bursitis
B. Trochanteric bursitis
C. Prepatellar bursitis
D. Olecranon bursitis

A

C. Prepatellar bursitis

Explanation: Prepatellar bursitis, known as “housemaid’s knee,” occurs in the bursa located between the skin and patella bone.

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71
Q

________ is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks body joints, leading to inflammation and joint deformation.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Explanation: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks body joints, causing inflammation and potential joint deformation.

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72
Q

Joint replacement surgery is often tried before other treatments for arthritis.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Joint replacement surgery is a very invasive procedure and is tried only after other treatments fail to provide relief.

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73
Q

What type of surgery involves replacing the articular surfaces of the bones with prostheses?

A. Synovectomy
B. Arthroplasty
C. Osteotomy
D. Arthroscopy

A

B. Arthroplasty

Explanation: Arthroplasty involves replacing the articular surfaces of bones with prosthetic components to restore function and alleviate pain.

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74
Q

A diet high in ________ has been implicated in raising the chances of a susceptible individual developing gout.

A

fructose

Explanation: A diet high in fructose can increase the risk of developing gout due to higher levels of uric acid.

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75
Q

Osteoarthritis results in the production of excess synovial fluid, causing swelling and pain.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Osteoarthritis leads to increased production of synovial fluid, which can cause swelling and pain as the joint capsule stretches.

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76
Q

Multiple Choice
Question: Which joints are most commonly affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A. Hips and knees
B. Elbows and shoulders
C. Hands and feet
D. Spine and pelvis

A

C. Hands and feet

Explanation: Rheumatoid arthritis most commonly affects the joints of the hands and feet, as well as the cervical spine.

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77
Q

What type of movement involves decreasing the angle between bones, as seen in bending the elbow or knee?

A. Extension
B. Flexion
C. Abduction
D. Rotation

A

B. Flexion

Explanation: Flexion involves decreasing the angle between bones, such as bending the elbow or knee.

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78
Q

________ involves moving a limb or hand laterally away from the body or spreading the fingers or toes apart.

A

Abduction

Explanation: Abduction is the movement of a limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes apart.

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79
Q

Extension is the movement that increases the angle between bones, straightening a flexed knee or elbow.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Extension increases the angle between bones, such as straightening a flexed knee or elbow.

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80
Q

What type of movement involves turning the palm forward or upward by rotating the forearm?

A. Pronation
B. Supination
C. Flexion
D. Abduction

A

B. Supination

Explanation: Supination involves turning the palm forward or upward by rotating the forearm.

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81
Q

________ is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body.

A

Eversion

Explanation: Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body.

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82
Q

Plantar flexion involves moving the top of the foot toward the leg.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Plantar flexion involves pointing the toes down, away from the leg, while dorsiflexion involves moving the top of the foot toward the leg.

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83
Q

Which movement describes the rotation of the head side to side as if saying “no”?

A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Circumduction
D. Rotation

A

D. Rotation

Explanation: Rotation involves turning the head side to side, as if saying “no.”

84
Q

________ is the movement that moves a body part in a circular pattern, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

A

Circumduction

Explanation: Circumduction moves a body part in a circular pattern by combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

85
Q

Medial rotation turns the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Medial rotation turns the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body, while lateral rotation turns it away from the midline.

86
Q

Which type of movement involves lifting a body part superiorly, such as shrugging the shoulders?

A. Depression
B. Protraction
C. Elevation
D. Retraction

A

C. Elevation

Explanation: Elevation involves lifting a body part superiorly, such as shrugging the shoulders.

87
Q

________ is the movement of the thumb to touch the tip of the fingers on the same hand.

A

Opposition

Explanation: Opposition involves the movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand.

88
Q

Retraction moves a body part in the posterior direction, such as pulling the chin back.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Retraction moves a body part in the posterior direction, while protraction moves it in the anterior direction.

89
Q

Which movement involves moving the mandible downward to open the mouth?

A. Elevation
B. Depression
C. Retraction
D. Circumduction

A

B. Depression

Explanation: Depression involves moving the mandible downward to open the mouth.

90
Q

Which type of movement moves a limb laterally away from the midline of the body?

A. Adduction
B. Abduction
C. Circumduction
D. Flexion

A

B. Abduction

Explanation: Abduction moves a limb laterally away from the midline of the body.

91
Q

________ is the opposing movement to abduction, bringing the limb toward the midline of the body.

A

Adduction

Explanation: Adduction brings the limb toward the midline of the body.

92
Q

Circumduction involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Circumduction involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint.

93
Q

Which movement involves the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces backward?

A. Supination
B. Pronation
C. Circumduction
D. Extension

A

B. Pronation

Explanation: Pronation is the movement that rotates the forearm so the palm faces backward.

94
Q

________ is the movement of lifting the front of the foot so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg.

A

Dorsiflexion

Explanation: Dorsiflexion involves lifting the front of the foot so the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg.

95
Q

Plantar flexion involves pointing the toes downward.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Plantar flexion involves pointing the toes downward.

96
Q

Which term describes the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline?

A. Eversion
B. Supination
C. Inversion
D. Adduction

A

C. Inversion

Explanation: Inversion is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline.

97
Q

________ is the opposing movement to inversion, turning the bottom of the foot away from the midline.

A

Eversion

Explanation: Eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.

98
Q

Supination is the motion you use when scooping up soup with a spoon.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Supination is the movement that turns the palm to face forward or upward, as used in scooping soup.

99
Q

Which type of rotation turns the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body?

A. Lateral rotation
B. Medial rotation
C. Circumduction
D. Flexion

A

B. Medial rotation

Explanation: Medial rotation turns the anterior surface of a limb toward the midline of the body.

100
Q

The movement of the thumb that brings it to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand is called ________.

A

opposition

Explanation: Opposition is the movement of the thumb that brings it to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand.

101
Q

Rotation at a pivot joint involves twisting movement around a single axis.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Rotation at a pivot joint involves twisting movement around a single axis.

102
Q

Which type of movement involves raising a body part superiorly, such as shrugging the shoulders?

A. Depression
B. Retraction
C. Protraction
D. Elevation

A

D. Elevation

Explanation: Elevation involves raising a body part superiorly, such as shrugging the shoulders.

103
Q

Which type of movement involves pushing a body part forward, such as the mandible?

A. Retraction
B. Protraction
C. Elevation
D. Depression

A

B. Protraction

Explanation: Protraction involves pushing a body part forward, such as the mandible.

104
Q

________ is the movement of lifting a body part upward, such as shrugging the shoulders.

A

Elevation

Explanation: Elevation is the movement of lifting a body part upward, such as shrugging the shoulders.

105
Q

Depression involves moving a body part downward.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Depression involves moving a body part downward, such as lowering the shoulders.

106
Q

What type of movement involves side-to-side movement of the mandible?

A. Superior rotation
B. Inferior rotation
C. Lateral excursion
D. Medial excursion

A

C. Lateral excursion

Explanation: Lateral excursion involves side-to-side movement of the mandible.

107
Q

________ returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline.

A

Medial excursion

Explanation: Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline.

108
Q

Superior rotation of the scapula moves the glenoid cavity downward.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Superior rotation of the scapula moves the glenoid cavity upward.

109
Q

Which joint type allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction movements, and is found at the first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

A. Pivot joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Condyloid joint
D. Saddle joint

A

D. Saddle joint

Explanation: The saddle joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction movements and is found at the first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

110
Q

________ joints allow for flexion and extension movements along a single axis and are found in the knee and elbow.

A

Hinge

Explanation: Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension movements along a single axis and are found in the knee and elbow.

111
Q

Condyloid joints allow for biaxial movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Condyloid joints allow for biaxial movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

112
Q

What type of joint is characterized as a multiaxial joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements?

A. Hinge joint
B. Plane joint
C. Ball-and-socket joint
D. Saddle joint

A

C. Ball-and-socket joint

Explanation: Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial and allow for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation.

113
Q

________ is the movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.

A

Opposition

Explanation: Opposition is the movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger

114
Q

Retraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Retraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is pulled backward.

115
Q

Which type of joint allows for rotational movement and is found at the atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2 vertebrae?

A. Pivot joint
B. Hinge joint
C. Plane joint
D. Condyloid joint

A

A. Pivot joint

Explanation: Pivot joints allow for rotational movement and are found at the atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2 vertebrae.

116
Q

What type of synovial joint provides for only limited motions between vertebrae and is found between the superior and inferior articular processes?

A. Pivot joint
B. Ball-and-socket joint
C. Zygapophysial joint
D. Hinge joint

A

C. Zygapophysial joint

Explanation: Zygapophysial joints (facet joints) are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between vertebrae.

117
Q

The cervical vertebral column allows for extensive ranges of motion including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and ________.

A

rotation

Explanation: The cervical vertebral column allows for extensive ranges of motion including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

118
Q

The lumbar region of the vertebral column allows for considerable rotation.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The lumbar region allows for considerable extension, flexion, and lateral flexion, but its orientation largely prohibits rotation.

119
Q

Which joint allows the skull to rock forward and backward, producing flexion and extension of the head?

A. Atlanto-axial joint
B. Temporomandibular joint
C. Atlanto-occipital joint
D. Zygapophysial joint

A

C. Atlanto-occipital joint

Explanation: The atlanto-occipital joint allows the skull to rock forward and backward, producing flexion and extension of the head.

120
Q

The ________ joint is a pivot joint between the dens portion of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the anterior arch of the atlas (C1 vertebra).

A

atlantoaxial

Explanation: The atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint between the dens portion of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the anterior arch of the atlas (C1 vertebra).

121
Q

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) allows for both gliding and hinge motions of the mandible.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The TMJ allows for both gliding and hinge motions of the mandible.

122
Q

Dislocation of the TMJ may occur when opening the mouth too wide or following a blow to the ________.

A. Mandible
B. Skull
C. Temporal bone
D. Articular disc

A

A. Mandible

Explanation: Dislocation of the TMJ may occur when opening the mouth too wide or following a blow to the mandible.

123
Q

The ________ is the flexible articular disc located between the mandibular fossa and the mandibular condyle in the temporomandibular joint.

A

articular disc

Explanation: The articular disc is the flexible disc located between the mandibular fossa and the mandibular condyle in the temporomandibular joint.

124
Q

Temporomandibular joint disorder can cause difficulty chewing and headaches.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Temporomandibular joint disorder can cause difficulty chewing, headaches, and other symptoms due to issues with the joint or surrounding structures.

125
Q

What supports the temporomandibular joint by anchoring the mandible to the skull?

A. Articular disc
B. Lingula
C. Extrinsic ligament
D. Articular tubercle

A

C. Extrinsic ligament

Explanation: An extrinsic ligament supports the temporomandibular joint by anchoring the mandible to the skull.

126
Q

Which of the following is a uniaxial joint?

A. Hip joint
B. Elbow joint
C. Wrist joint
D. Shoulder joint

A

B. Elbow joint

Explanation: A uniaxial joint, such as the elbow, allows for movement in a single plane (around a single axis).

127
Q

A biaxial joint allows for movement along one axis only.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: A biaxial joint allows for movements within two planes, such as the metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle joints).

128
Q

A _________ joint allows for movement along three axes.

A

multiaxial

Explanation: Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow for movement along three axes.

129
Q

What type of fibrous joint is found between the bones of the skull?

A. Syndesmosis
B. Suture
C. Gomphosis
D. Synchondrosis

A

B. Suture

Explanation: Sutures are the narrow fibrous joints found between most bones of the skull.

130
Q

A gomphosis is the fibrous joint between the roots of a tooth and the bony socket in the jaw.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Gomphosis is a specialized fibrous joint between the roots of a tooth and the bony socket in the jaw.

131
Q

The fibrous joint that forms a syndesmosis between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm is called the ________.

A

antebrachial interosseous membrane

Explanation: The syndesmosis between the radius and ulna bones is the antebrachial interosseous membrane.

132
Q

Which type of cartilaginous joint is found at the epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone?

A. Symphysis
B. Syndesmosis
C. Synchondrosis
D. Synostosis

A

C. Synchondrosis

Explanation: A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, such as at the epiphyseal plate.

133
Q

A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: In a symphysis, bones are joined by fibrocartilage, such as the pubic symphysis.

134
Q

The first sternocostal joint, where the first rib is anchored to the manubrium, is an example of a permanent __________.

A

synchondrosis

Explanation: The first sternocostal joint is a permanent synchondrosis where bone is united to hyaline cartilage.

135
Q

Which structure secretes synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

A. Articular capsule
B. Articular cartilage
C. Synovial membrane
D. Bursae

A

C. Synovial membrane

Explanation: The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint.

136
Q

A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction between the bones at a synovial joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Bursae are thin connective tissue sacs filled with lubricating liquid that reduce friction between bones and other structures.

137
Q

The shoulder joint is an example of a _________ joint.

A

ball-and-socket

Explanation: The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range of motion.

138
Q

Which movement decreases the angle of a joint, such as bending the elbow?

A. Extension
B. Flexion
C. Abduction
D. Adduction

A

B. Flexion

Explanation: Flexion decreases the angle of a joint, as seen when bending the elbow.

139
Q

Pronation is the movement that turns the palm of the hand upward.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Pronation turns the palm downward; supination turns it upward.

140
Q

_________ is the movement that brings a limb or finger away from the midline of the body.

A

Abduction

Explanation: Abduction is the movement of a limb or finger away from the midline of the body.

141
Q

Which of the following is a common disorder of synovial joints involving inflammation and pain?

A. Gout
B. Osteoarthritis
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Explanation: Gout, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis are common disorders of synovial joints.

142
Q

Osteoarthritis is primarily associated with aging and “wear and tear” of the articular cartilage.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Osteoarthritis is linked to aging and the deterioration of articular cartilage.

143
Q

_________ is a form of arthritis caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals within a body joint.

A

Gout

Explanation: Gout is caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in a joint, leading to pain and inflammation.

144
Q

What type of connective tissue joins the bones at fibrous joints?

A) Hyaline cartilage
B) Fibrous connective tissue
C) Synovial fluid
D) Fibrocartilage

A

B) Fibrous connective tissue

Explanation: At fibrous joints, the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue, and there is no joint cavity between them.

145
Q

A syndesmosis joint allows for a significant amount of movement between bones.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: A syndesmosis joint allows for a small amount of movement, as it is held together by ligaments or an interosseous membrane.

146
Q

The gomphosis is a specialized fibrous joint that anchors a ____ to its socket in the jaw.

A

Tooth

Explanation: A gomphosis is the narrow fibrous joint between the roots of a tooth and the bony socket in the jaw.

147
Q

What type of cartilage is found in a synchondrosis?

A) Fibrocartilage
B) Hyaline cartilage
C) Elastic cartilage
D) Articular cartilage

A

B) Hyaline cartilage

Explanation: A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

148
Q

A symphysis allows for free movement between bones.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage, allowing for limited movement.

149
Q

Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a ____ cavity.

A

Joint

Explanation: Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity that allows for smooth movement between bones.

150
Q

What is the main function of synovial fluid?

A) To provide nutrition to bones
B) To reduce friction between bones
C) To act as a shock absorber
D) To join bones together

A

B) To reduce friction between bones

Explanation: Synovial fluid is a thick, lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the articulating surfaces of bones in synovial joints.

151
Q

Ligaments are dense connective tissues that connect bones to muscles.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Ligaments are dense connective tissues that connect bones to other bones, providing support and stability to joints.

152
Q

The ____ joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range of motion.

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral)

Explanation: The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket joint that permits a wide range of movements.

153
Q

Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement?

A) Hinge joint
B) Condyloid joint
C) Pivot joint
D) Saddle joint

A

C) Pivot joint

Explanation: A pivot joint allows for rotational movement around a single axis, such as the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae.

154
Q

The hip joint is more stable but less mobile than the shoulder joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The hip joint, a ball-and-socket joint, is designed for stability to support body weight, making it less mobile than the shoulder joint.

155
Q

The ____ ligament is commonly injured in baseball pitchers and may require Tommy John surgery.

A

Ulnar collateral

Explanation: The ulnar collateral ligament is commonly injured in baseball pitchers due to repetitive stress and may require surgical repair known as Tommy John surgery.

156
Q

What is the main cause of osteoarthritis?

A) Autoimmune diseases
B) Bacterial infections
C) Wear and tear of articular cartilage
D) Genetic factors

A

C) Wear and tear of articular cartilage

Explanation: Osteoarthritis is associated with aging and “wear and tear” of the articular cartilage covering synovial joints.

157
Q

Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near a joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa, which can cause pain, swelling, and joint stiffness.

158
Q

The ____ joint allows for flexion, extension, and slight rotational movements of the elbow.

A

Hinge

Explanation: The elbow joint is a hinge joint that primarily allows for flexion and extension movements.

159
Q

What type of movement does a plane joint allow?

A) Rotation
B) Gliding
C) Flexion and extension
D) Abduction and adduction

A

B) Gliding

Explanation: Plane joints allow for gliding movements between the articulating surfaces of bones.

160
Q

The knee joint contains bursae that reduce friction between skin, muscle, or tendon and an underlying bone.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The knee joint contains bursae, such as the prepatellar bursa, that reduce friction and allow smooth movement of tendons and muscles.

161
Q

The ____ joint involves the articulation between the mandibular fossa and the condyle of the mandible.

A

Temporomandibular (TMJ)

Explanation: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involves the articulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyle of the mandible.

162
Q

Which of the following movements is NOT possible at the hip joint?

A) Flexion
B) Extension
C) Abduction
D) Supination

A

D) Supination

Explanation: Supination is a movement of the forearm and is not possible at the hip joint, which allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and other movements.

163
Q

The shoulder joint has a wider range of motion than the hip joint due to its lack of structural support.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) has a wide range of motion due to its relatively loose structure, but this also makes it less stable compared to the hip joint.

164
Q

What type of cartilage is involved in synchondroses?

A) Fibrocartilage
B) Elastic cartilage
C) Hyaline cartilage
D) Articular cartilage

A

C) Hyaline cartilage

Explanation: Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

165
Q

Which joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

A) Knee joint
B) Elbow joint
C) Shoulder joint
D) Intervertebral joints

A

C) Shoulder joint

Explanation: The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket joint.

166
Q

The primary function of the bursa in synovial joints is to:

A) Produce synovial fluid
B) Connect bones together
C) Prevent friction
D) Stabilize the joint

A

C) Prevent friction

Explanation: Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction between skin, muscle, or tendon and an underlying bone.

167
Q

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the human body.

168
Q

A pivot joint allows for bending and straightening motions.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: A pivot joint allows for rotational movements, not bending and straightening.

169
Q

The pubic symphysis is a type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint joined by fibrocartilage.

170
Q

The ___________ joint allows for a wide range of motions due to its ball-and-socket structure.

A

Shoulder

Explanation: The shoulder joint allows for a wide range of motions due to its ball-and-socket structure.

171
Q

The ___________ ligament supports the head of the radius in the elbow joint.

A

Annular

Explanation: The annular ligament supports the head of the radius in the elbow joint.

172
Q

The ___________ joint is formed between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.

A

Hip

Explanation: The hip joint is formed between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.

173
Q

Match the joint type with its example:

A) Pivot joint
B) Hinge joint
C) Condyloid joint
D) Saddle joint
E) Plane joint
F) Ball-and-socket joint

Example:
1. Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
2. Shoulder joint
3. Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae)
4. First carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5. Elbow joint
6. Intertarsal joints of the foot

A

A) Pivot joint - 3) Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae)
B) Hinge joint - 5) Elbow joint
C) Condyloid joint - 1) Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
D) Saddle joint - 4) First carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
E) Plane joint - 6) Intertarsal joints of the foot
F) Ball-and-socket joint - 2) Shoulder joint

Explanation:
Pivot joint: Allows for rotational movement (e.g., Atlantoaxial joint)
Hinge joint: Allows for flexion and extension (e.g., Elbow joint)
Condyloid joint: Allows for biaxial movement (e.g., Radiocarpal joint)
Saddle joint: Allows for biaxial movement, greater range of motion than condyloid (e.g., Thumb joint)
Plane joint: Allows for gliding movements (e.g., Intertarsal joints)
Ball-and-socket joint: Allows for multiaxial movement (e.g., Shoulder joint)

174
Q

Which type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

a) Hinge joint
b) Ball-and-socket joint
c) Pivot joint
d) Saddle joint

A

b) Ball-and-socket joint

Explanation:
The glenohumeral joint, also known as the shoulder joint, is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

175
Q

The elbow joint is a uniaxial hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The elbow joint is a uniaxial hinge joint formed by the humeroulnar joint, allowing only flexion and extension of the forearm.

176
Q

The primary structural support for the shoulder joint is provided by the __________.

A

Rotator cuff muscles

Explanation: The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) provide the primary structural support for the shoulder joint by holding the head of the humerus in position within the glenoid cavity.

177
Q

Which ligament is most commonly injured in baseball pitchers and is referred to as Tommy John surgery when repaired?

a) Radial collateral ligament
b) Ulnar collateral ligament
c) Annular ligament
d) Coracoacromial ligament

A

b) Ulnar collateral ligament

Explanation: The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is often injured in baseball pitchers due to repetitive stress, and surgical repair of this ligament is commonly referred to as Tommy John surgery.

178
Q

The hip joint has more range of motion than the shoulder joint.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) has the largest range of motion of any joint in the body, whereas the hip joint, although also a ball-and-socket joint, has a more limited range of motion due to its role in providing stability and weight-bearing.

179
Q

The __________ is a fibrocartilage lip attached to the outer margin of the acetabulum, which deepens the socket of the hip joint.

A

Acetabular labrum

Explanation: The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilage structure that deepens the socket of the hip joint, providing stability and increasing the surface area for articulation with the femoral head.

180
Q

What is the main function of the menisci in the knee joint?

a) Allow for rotational movements
b) Provide cushioning and stability
c) Connect muscles to bones
d) Support ligament attachment

A

b) Provide cushioning and stability

Explanation:
The menisci (medial and lateral) are fibrocartilage discs that provide cushioning and stability to the knee joint by distributing the load and reducing friction between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles.

181
Q

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents hyperextension of the knee.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents hyperextension of the knee by limiting the forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur.

182
Q

The __________ joint is formed by the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.

A

Talocrural

Explanation: The talocrural joint, also known as the ankle joint, is formed by the articulation between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, allowing for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot.

183
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the rotator cuff muscles?

a) Stabilizing the shoulder joint
b) Facilitating shoulder movements
c) Preventing shoulder dislocations
d) Protecting the elbow joint

A

d) Protecting the elbow joint

Explanation: The rotator cuff muscles are responsible for stabilizing the shoulder joint, facilitating shoulder movements, and preventing shoulder dislocations. They do not protect the elbow joint.

184
Q

Which joint is known as the ball-and-socket joint in the shoulder?

A. Elbow joint
B. Hip joint
C. Glenohumeral joint
D. Knee joint

A

C. Glenohumeral joint

Explanation: This is the correct name for the ball-and-socket joint in the shoulder, allowing extensive movement.

185
Q

What is the main function of the bursae in the shoulder joint?

A. To produce synovial fluid
B. To provide structural support
C. To reduce friction
D. To connect muscles to bones

A

C. To reduce friction

Explanation: Bursae act as cushions to reduce friction between moving structures.

186
Q

Which ligament is NOT found in the hip joint?

A. Iliofemoral ligament
B. Pubofemoral ligament
C. Glenohumeral ligament
D. Ischiofemoral ligament

A

C. Glenohumeral ligament

Explanation: This ligament is found in the shoulder, not the hip.

187
Q

Which structure is responsible for preventing hyperextension in the knee joint?

A. Medial meniscus
B. Anterior cruciate ligament
C. Patellar ligament
D. Fibular collateral ligament

A

B. Anterior cruciate ligament

Explanation: This ligament prevents the knee from hyperextending.

188
Q

The glenoid labrum deepens the socket of the shoulder joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilage ring that deepens the glenoid cavity.

189
Q

The hip joint allows more range of motion than the shoulder joint.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The shoulder joint allows a greater range of motion compared to the hip joint due to less structural support.

190
Q

The annular ligament supports the head of the radius in the elbow joint.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The annular ligament encircles the head of the radius and holds it in place.

191
Q

The tibial collateral ligament is also known as the lateral collateral ligament.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: The tibial collateral ligament is the medial collateral ligament; the fibular collateral ligament is the lateral collateral ligament.

192
Q

The _______________ joint is the largest joint in the body.

A

knee

Explanation: The knee joint is the largest joint in the body.

193
Q

The _______________ ligament in the hip joint prevents overextension.

A

iliofemoral

Explanation: The iliofemoral ligament prevents overextension in the hip joint.

194
Q

The _______________ joint allows for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot.

A

talocrural

Explanation: The talocrural joint allows for these movements in the foot.

195
Q

The _______________ ligament in the knee is commonly injured by a lateral blow.

A

tibial collateral

Explanation: The tibial collateral ligament is often injured by a lateral blow to the knee.

196
Q

What is the name of the embryonic tissue that gives rise to bones, cartilages, and connective tissues?

A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Mesenchyme

A

D. Mesenchyme

Explanation: This embryonic tissue gives rise to all bones, cartilages, and connective tissues.

197
Q

Which process involves mesenchyme cells differentiating into bone-producing cells to generate bone tissue directly?

A. Endochondral ossification
B. Intramembranous ossification
C. Bone remodeling
D. Calcification

A

B. Intramembranous ossification

Explanation: In this process, mesenchyme cells differentiate directly into bone-producing cells.

198
Q

At what stage of embryonic development do limb buds appear on the sides of the embryo?

A. End of the third week
B. End of the fourth week
C. End of the fifth week
D. End of the sixth week

A

B. End of the fourth week

Explanation: Limb buds appear around the end of the fourth week of embryonic development.

199
Q

Which cartilage model is gradually replaced by bone through the process of endochondral ossification?

A. Elastic cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Articular cartilage

A

C. Hyaline cartilage

Explanation: This cartilage forms models that are gradually replaced by bone through endochondral ossification.

200
Q

The fontanelles in a newborn’s skull will eventually become suture joints.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The fontanelles are initially connective tissue-filled gaps that later decrease in width and become suture joints.

201
Q

Endochondral ossification only occurs in the bones of the skull.

A) True
B) False

A

B) False

Explanation: Endochondral ossification occurs in the bones of the skull, limbs, and other parts of the body.

202
Q

The joint interzone is the area where cells die to form the joint cavity during the formation of synovial joints.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: The joint interzone is where cells undergo programmed cell death to form the joint cavity.

203
Q

Hyaline cartilage is retained as the articular cartilage at synovial joints.

A) True
B) False

A

A) True

Explanation: Hyaline cartilage remains as the articular cartilage covering the surfaces of bones at synovial joints.

204
Q

The connective tissue that fills the spaces between developing bones in the skull is called _______________.

A

mesenchyme

Explanation: Mesenchyme fills the spaces between developing bones.

205
Q

After birth, the connective tissue-filled gaps in the skull are reduced to _______________ joints.

A

suture

Explanation: These gaps decrease in width and become suture joints.

206
Q

Mesenchyme between developing bones in the limbs forms _______________ cartilage models.

A

hyaline

Explanation: Hyaline cartilage models form the future bones.

207
Q

The joint _______________ is the area where synovial joints will form during development.

A

interzone

Explanation: The joint interzone is where synovial joints develop.

A&P (20 decks)

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