Chapter 6 and 10 Test Flashcards
The most abundant type of cartilage in the human body is hyaline cartilage.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage found in the body. It is found in the nose, trachea, larynx, ends of the ribs, and on the ends of long bones in joints. It provides support and flexibility.
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: The osteon, or Haversian system, is the fundamental functional unit of compact bone. It consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of calcified matrix, which resemble the growth rings of a tree trunk.
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: An osteon is composed of osteocytes (bone cells) housed in lacunae, lamellae (layers of bone matrix), and a central (Haversian) canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. Osteons are found in compact bone, not in spongy bone.
The periosteum serves to protect bone, but also to nourish it as it is supplied with nerves and blood vessels.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: The periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. It serves to protect the bone, provide a channel for the blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue, and serve as an attachment for muscles and tendons.
The humerus is an example of long bone.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: The humerus, which is the bone of the upper arm, is classified as a long bone. Long bones are characterized by a cylindrical shaft and are longer than they are wide.
Which of the following statements about cartilage is not true?
A) The most abundant type of cartilage in the human body is hyaline cartilage.
B) The three types of cartilage are: hyaline, elastic and cutaneous.
C) The embryonic skeleton is comprised mostly of hyaline cartilage.
D) Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes – this makes it an excellent scaffolding tissue upon which to build bone.
B) The three types of cartilage are: hyaline, elastic and cutaneous.
Explanation: This statement is false because there is no cutaneous cartilage. The correct types of cartilage are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
The functions of the skeletal system include all of the following, except:
A) support
B) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
C) storage of minerals
D) movement
E) hormone production
F) All are functions of bones
F) All are functions of bones
Explanation: This is true because bones support the body structure, produce blood cells (hematopoiesis), store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, facilitate movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles, and produce hormones such as osteocalcin.
The mitotically-active bone cells that secrete bone matrix (osteoid) are:
A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteoblasts
C) Bone Lining cells
D) Chondroblasts
B) Osteoblasts
Explanation: Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix (osteoid). They are responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone during both initial bone formation and later bone remodeling.
Think: Bone —> Blasts
Identify the structure labeled “A”
A) diaphysis
B) compact bone
C) medullary cavity
D) periosteum
E) epiphysis
E) epiphysis
Identify the structure labeled “B”
A) diaphysis
B) compact bone
C) medullary cavity
D) periosteum
E) epiphysis
A) diaphysis
Identify the structure labeled “G”
A) diaphysis
B) compact bone
C) medullary cavity
D) periosteum
E) epiphysis
C) medullary cavity
Identify the structure labeled “H”
A) diaphysis
B) compact bone
C) medullary cavity
D) periosteum
E) epiphysis
D) periosteum
Identify the bone structure labelled “E”
A) circumferential lamellae
B) osteon
C) lamellae
D) perforating (Volkman’s) canal
E) central (Herversian) canal
A) circumferential lamellae
Identify the bone structure labelled “A”
A) circumferential lamellae
B) osteon
C) lamellae
D) perforating (Volkman’s) canal
E) central (Herversian) canal
B) osteon
Identify the bone structure labelled “C”
A) circumferential lamellae
B) osteon
C) lamellae
D) perforating (Volkman’s) canal
E) central (Herversian) canal
E) central (Herversian) canal
Identify the bone structure labelled “D”
A) circumferential lamellae
B) osteon
C) lamellae
D) perforating (Volkman’s) canal
E) central (Herversian) canal
D) perforating (Volkman’s) canal
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: Osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue. It includes collagen and other proteins.
Bones stop interstitial growth at the end of adolescence, but appositional growth can continue throughout our lifetimes.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: Interstitial growth (lengthwise growth) ceases after the epiphyseal plates close at the end of adolescence, but appositional growth (growth in thickness) can continue throughout life.
Spongy bone does not contain osteons, though the trabeculae are aligned along stress lines.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Explanation: Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, lacks the osteon structure found in compact bone. Instead, it has trabeculae aligned along lines of stress to provide strength and support.
Parathyroid hormone increases osteoblast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Explanation: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast activity, which breaks down bone tissue and releases calcium ions into the bloodstream, not osteoblast activity.
Think: osteoclasts for calcium
The most important hormone in regulating bone growth during youth is thyroid hormone.
A) True
B) False
B) False
Explanation: While thyroid hormone plays a role in bone growth, the most important hormone during youth is the growth hormone, which stimulates overall bone growth and development.
A deficiency of thyroid hormone during bone formation would cause what kind of defect?
A) Uneven proportions in long bones
B) Inadequate calcification of bone
C) Decreased remodeling activity
D) Decreased interstitial growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate
A) Uneven proportions in long bones
Explanation: Thyroid hormone is crucial for proper development and proportionate growth. A deficiency can lead to disproportionate growth of bones, leading to uneven proportions.
Which of the following statements about bone growth is incorrect?
A) Interstitial growth requires the presence of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate.
B) During interstitial growth, the epiphyseal plate maintains a constant thickness as new bone grows on the distal end (i.e. closer to the epiphyses) while new cartilage grows on the proximal end (i.e. closer to the diaphysis) of the bone.
C) Interstitial bone growth ends at the end of adolescence.
D) Appositional growth can occur any time throughout life.
E) All are true statements
E) All are true statements
All the provided statements about bone growth are accurate. Interstitial growth requires cartilage, ends at adolescence, and appositional growth can occur throughout life.
Which of the following statements about pre-natal ossification is not true?
A) Endochondral ossification is responsible for most bone formation during development.
B) Intramembranous ossification produces the flat bones of the skull and clavicles.
C) In endochondral ossification, bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage “models”
D) In endochondral ossification existing cartilage must first be broken down and then replaced by bone.
E) All are true statements
E) All are true statements
Explanation: All the provided statements about pre-natal ossification are accurate. Endochondral ossification forms most bones, intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, and cartilage is replaced by bone in endochondral ossification.