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A&P > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

True
False
A

True

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2
Q

The epidermis is comprised of epithelial tissue while the dermis is connective tissue.

True
False
A

True

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3
Q

Thick skin is found on the palms of our hands, soles of our feet, and the fingertips.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: Thick skin is specifically found in these areas due to the higher levels of abrasion they experience. It contains a thicker stratum corneum compared to thin skin and also has an extra layer called the stratum lucidum.

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4
Q

Keratinocytes are responsible for the production of melanin.

True
False
A

True

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5
Q

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.

True
False
A

True

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6
Q

Which is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis, from deepest to most superficial?

A) stratum basale - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum lucidum - stratum corneum
B) stratum lucidum - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum basale - stratum corneum
C) stratum basale - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum lucidum - stratum corneum
D) stratum corneum - stratum lucidum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale

A

A) stratum basale - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum lucidum - stratum corneum

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7
Q

Which epidermal cell layer is best described as consisting of a single layer of mitotically-active stem cells?

A) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum basale
C) Stratum corneum
D) Stratum granulosum

A

B) Stratum basale

Explanation: The stratum basale, also known as the basal layer, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It contains a single row of stem cells that are actively dividing to produce new keratinocytes.

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8
Q

Cells found within the epidermis include all of the following, except:

A) Tactile (Merkel) cells
B) Fibrocytes
C) Dendritic cells
D) Melanocytes
E) Keratinocytes

A

B) Fibrocytes

Explanation: Fibrocytes are found in the dermis, not the epidermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile (Merkel) cells.

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9
Q

What kind of tissue is found in the papillary layer?

A) Reticular connective tissue
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
C) Dense irregular connective tissue
D) Areolar connective tissue

A

D) Areolar connective tissue

Explanation: The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of areolar connective tissue, which includes a loose network of collagen and elastic fibers.

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10
Q

Appendages of the skin include all of the following, except:

A) Sebaceous (oil) glands
B) Adipose tissue
C) Nails
D) Hair/hair follicles
E) Sweat glands

A

B) Adipose tissue

Explanation: Adipose tissue is found in the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) but is not considered an appendage of the skin. Appendages of the skin include sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails, and hair/hair follicles.

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11
Q

Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.

True
False
A

True

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12
Q

Most sebaceous glands secrete sebum directly into hair follicles.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: Sebaceous glands typically secrete oily sebum into hair follicles, which helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.

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13
Q

Sudoriferous glands are exocrine glands.

True
False
A

True

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14
Q

The skin provides chemical, physical and biological barriers.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: The skin acts as a protective barrier against environmental hazards. Chemical barriers include skin secretions and the acid mantle that inhibit bacterial growth. Physical barriers are the continuity of the skin and the hardness of keratinized cells. Biological barriers involve dendritic cells and macrophages that help to protect the body by destroying invaders.

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15
Q

Biological barriers of the skin include dendritic cells and macrophages.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) and macrophages are part of the immune system and are present in the skin. They play a crucial role in recognizing and processing antigens, thereby providing an immune defense.

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16
Q

What is the skin structure labelled “F”?

A) Hair follicle
B) Arrector pili
C) Epidermis
D) Eccrine sweat gland
E) Sebaceous gland

A

D) Eccrine sweat gland

17
Q

Which of the following statements about sweat glands is not correct:

A) Eccrine sweat glands, the most numerous, are found in the greatest numbers on the palms, soles and forehead
B) The secretory part of eccrine sweat glands lies in the dermis, and the duct empties onto the skin surface
C) Apocrine sweat glands are found in the axillary and anogenital areas.
D) Apocrine sweat gland ducts empty their products into hair follicles
E) All are correct

A

E) All are correct

Explanation: The given statements about sweat glands are accurate. Eccrine sweat glands are found in greater numbers on the palms, soles, and forehead. The secretory part of eccrine sweat glands lies in the dermis, and the duct opens to the skin surface. Apocrine glands are found in the axillary and anogenital areas, and their ducts empty into hair follicles.

18
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the integumentary system:

A) Filtration
B) Regulation of body temperature
C) Protection
D) A reservoir for blood
E) Nervous sensations

A

A) Filtration

19
Q

Chemical barriers of the skin include all of the following except:

A) Antibacterial secretions
B) Low pH
C) Melanin
D) Macrophages

A

D) Macrophages

20
Q

The “brick and mortar” construction of the skin repels most water and water-soluble substances, though some lipid soluble substances are able to penetrate the skin.

True
False
A

True

21
Q

The two layers of the dermis, from superficial to deep, are the reticular and papillary layers.

True
False
A

False

Explanation: The correct order from superficial to deep is the papillary layer and then the reticular layer. The papillary layer contains thin collagen and elastin fibers and forms dermal papillae. The reticular layer is deeper and thicker, containing dense irregular connective tissue.

22
Q

Dermal papillae of the papillary layer contain capillary loops and nerve endings.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: Dermal papillae increase the surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the dermis and epidermis. They contain capillary loops, Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors), and free nerve endings (pain receptors).

23
Q

Sudoriferous glands are endocrine glands.

True
False
A

False

Explanation: Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, are actually exocrine glands, not endocrine glands. They secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin through ducts.

24
Q

Which epidermal cell layer is best described as four to six layers of cells that are able to synthesize proteins which keep the outer layer of skin smooth and waterproof?

A) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum basale
C) Stratum corneum
D) Stratum granulosum

A

D) Stratum granulosum

Explanation: The stratum granulosum is typically composed of three to five layers of flattened cells, and it is here that the cells begin to die and keratinize, producing proteins like keratin and lipids that make the outer skin layer smooth and waterproof.

25
Q

Which epidermal cell layer is best described as 20-30 rows of dead, flat, anucleated keratinized cells which serve to protect the skin against abrasion?

A) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum basale
C) Stratum corneum
D) Stratum granulosum

A

C) Stratum corneum

Explanation: The stratum corneum consists of many layers of dead, flat, keratinized cells that form a durable overcoat for the body, protecting deeper cells from the external environment and preventing water loss.

26
Q

What is the skin structure labelled “A”?

A) Hair follicle
B) Arrector pili
C) Epidermis
D) Eccrine sweat gland
E) Sebaceous gland

A

C) Epidermis

Explanation: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, providing a barrier to infection and regulating the amount of water released from the body.

27
Q

What is the skin structure labelled “G”?

A) Hair follicle
B) Arrector pili
C) Epidermis
D) Eccrine sweat gland
E) Sebaceous gland

A

B) Arrector pili

28
Q

When an individual is exposed to very cold air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

True
False
A

False

Explanation: In cold temperatures, dermal blood vessels constrict to minimize heat loss by reducing blood flow to the skin.

29
Q

Melanocytes are responsible for the production of keratin.

True
False
A

False

Explanation: Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, while keratinocytes produce keratin, a protein that provides strength and waterproofing to the skin.

30
Q

The epidermis is comprised of epithelial tissue while the dermis is connective tissue.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, while the dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue.

31
Q

Lines in our skin, such as fingerprints and flexure lines, are shaped by the dermis rather than the epidermis.

True
False
A

True

Explanation: The dermis contains the structures and fibers that form the basis for skin lines and patterns like fingerprints and flexure lines, influenced by dermal ridges and folds.

32
Q

The epidermis is a keratinized simple squamous epithelium.

True
False
A

False

Explanation: The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, not simple squamous epithelium. It has multiple layers, including the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.

33
Q

Which layer is only found in thick skin?

A) Stratum spinosum
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum corneum
D) Stratum basale
E) Stratum granulosum

A

B) Stratum lucidum

Explanation: The stratum lucidum is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis. It is only present in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

34
Q

What is the skin structure labelled “C”?

A) Hair follicle
B) Arrector pili
C) Epidermis
D) Eccrine sweat gland
E) Sebaceous gland

A

E) Sebaceous gland

Explanation: Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.

35
Q

Which are the most common cells found in the epidermis?

A) Tactile (Merkel) cells
B) Dendritic cells
C) Keratinocytes
D) Melanocytes

A

C) Keratinocytes

Explanation: Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, making up about 90% of the cells there. They produce keratin, a protein that helps protect the skin from damage.

A&P (20 decks)

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