13.1 Flashcards
The embryonic nervous system begins as a very complex structure that simplifies over time.
True
False
False
Explanation: The embryonic nervous system begins as a very simple structure, essentially just a straight line, and becomes increasingly complex.
The endoderm gives rise to the _______ of the digestive and respiratory systems.
A) Muscle
B) Connective tissues
C) Lining tissues
D) Skin
C) Lining tissues
Explanation: The endoderm, or inner tissue, is responsible for generating the lining tissues of various spaces within the body.
Which germ layer develops into the nervous system?
A) Endoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) None of the above
C) Ectoderm
Explanation: The ectoderm develops into the integumentary system (skin) and the nervous system.
The neural tube develops from the mesoderm.
True
False
False
Explanation: The neural tube develops from the ectoderm.
A specialized region of _______ differentiates into the neuroectoderm.
A) Endoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) None of the above
C) Ectoderm
Explanation: As the embryo develops, a portion of the ectoderm differentiates into a specialized region of neuroectoderm.
The neural plate forms as a result of differentiation in which germ layer?
A) Endoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) None of the above
C) Ectoderm
Explanation: Molecular signals induce cells in this region to differentiate into the neuroepithelium, forming a neural plate.
The primary vesicles are formed at the first stage of brain development and consist of three parts: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
True
False
True
Explanation: These vesicles are given names based on Greek words and correspond to their positions along the developing nervous system.
The _______ runs lateral to the neural tube and migrates away to form parts of the peripheral nervous system.
A) Neural fold
B) Neural crest
C) Neural groove
D) Neural plate
B) Neural crest
Explanation: The neural crest runs lateral to the neural tube and forms parts of the peripheral nervous system, including the enteric nervous tissue.
At what point does the basic arrangement of the nervous system, with a hollow tube from the anterior to the posterior end, begin?
A) 16 days
B) 25 days
C) 4 weeks
D) 8 weeks
B) 25 days
Explanation: Beginning at 25 days, the anterior end develops into the brain, and the posterior portion becomes the spinal cord.
The rhombencephalon is also known as the forebrain.
True
False
False
Explanation: The rhombencephalon is referred to as the hindbrain.
The prosencephalon enlarges into two new vesicles called the _______ and the _______.
A) Telencephalon, Diencephalon
B) Mesencephalon, Metencephalon
C) Myelencephalon, Metencephalon
D) Cerebellum, Medulla
A) Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Explanation: The prosencephalon (forebrain) enlarges into the telencephalon, which will become the cerebrum, and the diencephalon, which gives rise to several structures including the thalamus and hypothalamus.
The mesencephalon differentiates into two finer divisions during development.
True
False
False
Explanation: The mesencephalon (midbrain) does not differentiate into any finer divisions and remains an established region.
The rhombencephalon develops into which of the following structures?
A) Telencephalon, Diencephalon
B) Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
C) Cerebellum, Medulla
D) Pons, Cerebellum
B) Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
Explanation: The rhombencephalon (hindbrain) develops into the metencephalon, which gives rise to the pons and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon, which corresponds to the medulla oblongata.
The structures that come from the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, except for the cerebellum, are collectively considered the _______.
A) Cerebrum
B) Brain stem
C) Cortex
D) Spinal cord
B) Brain stem
Explanation: The brain stem includes the midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla oblongata (from the myelencephalon).
The spinal cord develops from the anterior neural tube.
True
False
False
Explanation: The spinal cord develops from the posterior neural tube.
The neural tube is defined in terms of its _______ versus _______ portions.
A) Dorsal, Ventral
B) Anterior, Posterior
C) Superior, Inferior
D) Medial, Lateral
B) Anterior, Posterior
Explanation: The neural tube is defined in terms of its anterior (front) versus posterior (back) portions, but it also has a dorsal (top) – ventral (bottom) dimension.
The dorsal tissues of the spinal cord are associated with _______, and the ventral tissues are associated with _______.
A) Motor functions, Sensory functions
B) Sensory functions, Motor functions
C) Reflexes, Conscious movements
D) Voluntary actions, Involuntary actions
B) Sensory functions, Motor functions
Explanation: The dorsal tissues are associated with sensory functions, and the ventral tissues with motor functions.
The anterior-posterior dimension of the nervous system is established by the neural tube and is called the _______.
A) Neuroepithelium
B) Neuraxis
C) Neural plate
D) Neural crest
B) Neuraxis
Explanation: The neuraxis establishes the anterior-posterior dimension of the nervous system.
Mnemonic: “Axis for direction, Neuraxis for nervous system.”
The cephalic flexure is a major curve between the brain stem and forebrain.
True
False
True
Explanation: The cephalic flexure is a major curve between the brain stem and forebrain, which helps in the arrangement of the brain’s structures.
The myelencephalon corresponds to the adult structure known as the _______.
A) Pons
B) Cerebellum
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Cerebrum
C) Medulla oblongata
Explanation: The myelencephalon develops into the medulla oblongata, which is part of the brain stem.
The neuraxis starts in an inferior position and ends in an anterior position because of the cephalic flexure.
True
False
True
Explanation: The cephalic flexure causes a bend in the neuraxis between the brain stem and the forebrain, resulting in the neuraxis starting in an inferior position (spinal cord) and ending in an anterior position (cerebrum).
The primary vesicles help to establish the basic regions of the nervous system: _______, _______, and _______.
A) Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla
B) Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
C) Spinal cord, Medulla, Pons
D) Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain stem
B) Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Explanation: The primary vesicles are prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
Which structure originates from the metencephalon?
A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Medulla
D) Midbrain
B) Cerebellum
Explanation: The metencephalon gives rise to the pons and cerebellum.
The cerebellum has direct connections with the cerebrum.
True
False
False
Explanation: Although the cerebellum seems close to the cerebrum in the adult brain, there is no direct connection between them.
The _______ are open spaces within the CNS where cerebrospinal fluid circulates, and they are remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube.
A) Meninges
B) Ventricles
C) Sinuses
D) Lobes
B) Ventricles
Explanation: The ventricles are open spaces within the CNS where cerebrospinal fluid circulates and are remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube.
Which of the following structures is connected to the diencephalon?
A) Retina
B) Cerebellum
C) Medulla
D) Midbrain
A) Retina
Explanation: The retina, which began as part of the diencephalon, is primarily connected to the diencephalon.
The four ventricles in the adult CNS can be linked back to the hollow center of the embryonic brain.
True
False
True
Explanation: The four ventricles and the tubular spaces associated with them are remnants of the hollow center of the embryonic brain.
The _______ corresponds to the adult structure known as the cerebrum and contains the lateral ventricles.
A) Telencephalon
B) Diencephalon
C) Metencephalon
D) Myelencephalon
A) Telencephalon
Explanation: The telencephalon develops into the cerebrum, which contains the lateral ventricles.
Which structure originates from the myelencephalon?
A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Midbrain
D) Cerebellum
B) Medulla
Explanation: The myelencephalon corresponds to the adult structure known as the medulla oblongata.
The mesencephalon is part of both the primary vesicle stage and the secondary vesicle stage of development.
True
False
True
Explanation: The mesencephalon remains undivided and is part of both the primary vesicle stage and the secondary vesicle stage.
The formation of the neural tube is critical for the proper development of the nervous system.
True
False
True
Explanation: The formation of the neural tube is crucial because it forms the basis of the central nervous system. If it fails to close properly, defects like spina bifida can occur.
Spina bifida _______ is the mildest form, where the vertebral bones do not fully surround the spinal cord, but the spinal cord itself is not affected.
A) Occulta
B) Meningocele
C) Myelomeningocele
D) Cystica
A) Occulta
Explanation: Spina bifida occulta is the mildest form and is characterized by the spinal cord being unaffected despite incomplete vertebral bone coverage.
Which of the following is true about meningocele?
A) The spinal cord itself is affected.
B) It involves the formation of a cyst that protrudes through the spinal column.
C) It is the most severe form of spina bifida.
D) It does not involve the meninges.
B) It involves the formation of a cyst that protrudes through the spinal column.
Explanation: Meningocele involves a fluid-filled sac of the meninges that protrudes through the spinal column, but the spinal cord itself may not be involved.
Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida and involves the protrusion of both the meninges and spinal nerves.
True
False
True
Explanation: Myelomeningocele is the most severe form and involves the protrusion of both the meninges and spinal nerves, leading to severe neurological symptoms.
Early surgical intervention for spina bifida is crucial to control or limit further damage or _______.
A) Pain
B) Infection
C) Inflammation
D) Deformity
B) Infection
Explanation: Early surgical intervention is important to control or limit further damage or infection at the opening.
Complications from spina bifida may present later in life, but overall life expectancy is not reduced.
True
False
True
Explanation: While complications may arise later in life, overall life expectancy for individuals with spina bifida is not typically reduced.
What forms along the dorsal surface of the embryo and eventually develops into the neural tube?
A) Neural crest
B) Neural plate
C) Neural groove
D) Neural fold
C) Neural groove
Explanation: A neural groove forms along the dorsal surface of the embryo, which deepens until its edges meet and close off to form the neural tube.
In spina bifida, the connective tissues that cover the spinal cord and are involved in forming a cyst are called the _______.
A) Neurons
B) Meninges
C) Glia
D) Nerves
B) Meninges
Explanation: The meninges are the connective tissues that cover the spinal cord and can form a cyst in spina bifida.
Spina bifida can be detected via ultrasound during pregnancy.
True
False
True
Explanation: Spina bifida, particularly the myelomeningocele form, can be detected via ultrasound during pregnancy.
Which form of spina bifida involves neural tissue protruding through the vertebral column?
A) Occulta
B) Meningocele
C) Myelomeningocele
D) Spinal bifida cystica
C) Myelomeningocele
Explanation: Myelomeningocele involves the protrusion of neural tissue through the vertebral column.
The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and the nerves that extend from them.
True False
False
Explanation: The central nervous system (CNS) includes only the brain and the spinal cord. The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The two lateral ventricles are found within the diencephalon.
True False
False
Explanation: The two lateral ventricles are found within the cerebral hemispheres, which develop from the telencephalon, not the diencephalon.
The association fibers connect different parts of same brain hemisphere.
True False
True
Explanation: Association fibers are white matter fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere in the brain. They facilitate communication within a single hemisphere.
Functions of the basal nuclei (are believed to) include the modulation of voluntary movements and behaviors.
True False
True
Explanation: The basal nuclei, also known as basal ganglia, are involved in the regulation and modulation of voluntary motor movements and various behaviors. They play a key role in motor control, motor learning, executive functions, and behaviors.
The sensory areas of the brain are involved with the unconscious awareness of sensation.
True False
False
Explanation: The sensory areas of the brain are involved with the conscious awareness of sensation, allowing us to perceive and interpret sensory information from the environment.
The three structures that make up the cerebral hemispheres are the basal nuclei, the white matter and the ______________________.
A) Diencephalon
B) Thalamus
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Cerebellum
C) Cerebral cortex
Explanation: The cerebral hemispheres consist of the basal nuclei, white matter, and the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain involved in higher brain functions such as thought and action.
In the CNS ________ consists of neuron cell bodies while ________ consists of myelinated fiber tracts.
A) Gray matter….white matter
B) White matter….gray matter
A) Gray matter….white matter
Explanation: In the central nervous system (CNS), gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, while white matter consists of myelinated fiber tracts which facilitate communication between different parts of the CNS.
One of the primary roles of the cerebral hemispheres is:
A) To sort, edit and relay ascending information
B) To control the autonomic nervous system
C) The site of our “conscious” mind
D) To regulate the pattern and appropriate timing of skeletal muscle contractions
C) The site of our “conscious” mind
Explanation: The cerebral hemispheres are primarily responsible for the functions associated with our conscious mind, including perception, voluntary movement, and cognition.
What region of the brain is indicated by the letter “D”?
A) cerebellum
B) cerebral hemisphere
C) brain stem
D) pons
E) diencephalon
B) cerebral hemisphere
What region of the brain is indicated by the letter “G”?
A) cerebellum
B) cerebral hemisphere
C) brain stem
D) pons
E) diencephalon
D) pons
What region of the brain is indicated by the letter “A”?
A) cerebellum
B) cerebral hemisphere
C) brain stem
D) pons
E) diencephalon
E) diencephalon
