Chapter 15 (ALL) Flashcards
Sympathetic fibers arising from the gray matter of the spinal cord leave via the dorsal root of the spinal nerves.
True
False
False
Explanation: Sympathetic fibers typically leave the spinal cord via the ventral root, not the dorsal root.
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system synapse with post-ganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia close to target organs.
True
False
True
Explanation: In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neurons synapse with post-ganglionic neurons in ganglia that are located near or within the target organs.
The parasympathetic division regulates the body’s maintenance activities.
True
False
True
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for regulating activities that occur when the body is at rest, such as digestion and energy conservation.
Somatic nerve fibers are non-myelinated.
True
False
False
Explanation: Somatic nerve fibers are typically myelinated, which helps in the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
Each of the autonomic neurotransmitters (ACh and NE) binds with two or more kinds of receptors allowing them to exert different effects (activation or inhibition) at different body targets.
True
False
True
Explanation: Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) bind to various receptor types (e.g., nicotinic, muscarinic for ACh, and alpha, beta for NE) to produce different effects depending on the target tissue.
The ANS contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
True
False
False
Explanation: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, but not skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles are innervated by the somatic nervous system.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers arising from the gray matter of the spinal cord leave via:
-Dorsal root ganglia
-The ventral root of spinal nerves
-The dorsal root of spinal nerves
-Sympathetic trunk ganglia
The ventral root of spinal nerves
Which of the following statements about the somatic nervous system are not true?
-In the somatic nervous system, the cell bodies are found only in the CNS.
-Somatic nerve fibers are thick, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly.
-There are many ganglia associated with the somatic nervous system.
-The somatic nervous system uses a single neuron pathway to effector organs.
-All are true statements
-There are many ganglia associated with the somatic nervous system.
Explanation: The somatic nervous system typically involves direct pathways from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles without intervening ganglia.
Which of the following statements about cholinergic receptors is not true?
-Cholinergic receptors bind acetylcholine.
-There are two types of cholinergic receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic.
-Nicotinic receptors are found on skeletal muscle cells at the NMJ and on all postganglionic neurons.
-Muscarinic receptors are found on all parasympathetic target organs.
-All are true statements
-All are true statements
Explanation: The statements given are true: cholinergic receptors bind acetylcholine, there are nicotinic and muscarinic types, nicotinic receptors are found on skeletal muscle cells and postganglionic neurons, and muscarinic receptors are found on parasympathetic target organs.
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is not true?
-Adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine.
-There are two major classes of adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta.
-The effects of NE (excitatory or inhibitory) depend on which subclass of receptor predominates on the target organ.
-Adrenergic receptors are found on most sympathetic target organs.
-All are true statements
All are true statements
Explanation: The statements given are true: adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine, there are two major classes (alpha and beta), the effects of NE depend on the receptor subclass, and these receptors are found on most sympathetic target organs.
Functions of the parasympathetic division normally include:
-Control of heart contractions
-Control of digestive functions
-Control of urinary tract organs
-All of the above
-All of the above, but all can be overridden by the sympathetic division during times of stress
All of the above, but all can be overridden by the sympathetic division during times of stress
Explanation: The parasympathetic division typically controls heart contractions, digestive functions, and urinary tract organs, but these functions can be overridden by the sympathetic division during times of stress.
Unique functions of the sympathetic division include control of the:
-Adrenal medulla
-Sweat glands
-Arrector pili muscles
-Blood vessels
-All of the above
All of the above
Explanation: The sympathetic division uniquely controls functions such as the adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and blood vessels.
Which CNS structure is the main integrative control center of the autonomic nervous system?
-Cerebral cortex
-Spinal cord
-Brain stem
-Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Explanation: The hypothalamus is the main integrative control center of the autonomic nervous system.
Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division are usually short.
True
False
True
Explanation: In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic axons are typically short and synapse in ganglia close to the spinal cord.
The ANS uses a two-neuron chain to reach its effectors – the preganglionic neuron cell bodies residing in the CNS and the postganglionic neurons residing in ganglia found outside the CNS.
True
False
True
All preganglionic neurons in the ANS release acetylcholine (ACh).
True
False
True
Explanation: All preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS release acetylcholine.
Both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are part of the motor or efferent division of the PNS.
True
False
True
Explanation: The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are both components of the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
In the somatic nervous system, all somatic motor neurons release norepinephrine.
True
False
False
Explanation: Somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine, not norepinephrine.
The somatic nervous system contains neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.
True
False
True
Explanation: The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle, controlling voluntary movements.
Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system are not true?
-In the autonomic nervous system, the cell bodies are found in the CNS and PNS.
-Autonomic nerve fibers are thick, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly.
-The autonomic nervous system uses ganglia in a two-neuron chain to effectors.
-All are true statements
-Autonomic nerve fibers are thick, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly
Explanation: The statements given are all true except for the one about thick, myelinated fibers, which is false because autonomic fibers are thin and lightly myelinated.
Which of the following statements about the somatic versus autonomic nervous system are not true?
-Both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are part of the motor or efferent division of the PNS.
-The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle while the ANS innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
-In the somatic nervous system, neuron cell bodies are found in the CNS and their axons extend all the way to their effectors.
-In the ANS, a preganglionic neuron residing in the CNS synapses with a post-ganglionic neuron located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS.
-All are true statements
-All are true statements
Explanation: All the given statements about the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are correct.
Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic division is not true?
-Preganglionic neurons synapse with post-ganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia close to target organs.
-The parasympathetic division regulates the body’s maintenance activities.
-Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division are usually very long, extending from the CNS almost all the way to the organs they innervate.
-Preganglionic axons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division are usually very long, extending from the CNS almost all the way to the organs they innervate.
Explanation: Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division are long, but they do not arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions; instead, they arise from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
-Preganglionic cell bodies arise from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
-Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are longer than preganglionic fibers.
-Sympathetic fibers decrease digestive system activity.
-Sympathetic trunk ganglia are sites where pre- and postganglionic neurons synapse.
-All of the above
-All of the above
Explanation: The statement “All of the above” includes all characteristics that are associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
