Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards
there are 2 classifications of joints: structural and functional. name the groups of each classification.
*joint structure determines function
Structural (anatomy)
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- bony
- synovial
Functional (range of motion
- Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable, like fingers)
- Diarthrosis (freely moveable, like shoulder)
Synarthrosis joints: explain what they are, name the 4 types, and give examples of each.
Immovable joint, edges of bones may touch or interlock, may be fibrous or cartilaginous.
4 Types:
1. Suture - like in skull, edges interlock, dense fibrous tissue
2. Gomphosis - teeth to bony sockets, getting gummy.
3. Synchondrosis - vertebrae and sternum ribs, and epiphysial cartilage in growing long bones. (notice the ‘chrondro’ in the word).
4. Synostosis - created when 2 bones fuse - iliac bone - the sutures between the 3 bones
Amphiarthrosis Joints:, explain what they are, name the 2 types, and give examples of each.
Slightly moveable: move moveable than a synarthrosis, stronger than a diarthrosis. may be fibrous or cartilaginous.
- Syndesmosis - bones connected by a ligament
- Symphysis - bones connected by fibrocartilage
Diarthrosis / Synovial Joints: explain what they are and parts of the joint
Freely moveable, at ends of long bones
- joint capsule
- joint cavity
- synovial membrane
- synovial fluid from synovial membrane
- articular cartilage - covers articulating surfaces, prevents direct contact between bones
explain the functions of synovial fluid
- lubrication
- nutrient distribution
- shock absorption
Has the consistency of egg yolk
name and explain the accessory structures of a synovial joint
- cartilages
- meniscus - fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones - fat pads - adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane, protects articular cartilages
- ligaments (bone to bone)
- support and strengthen joints
- sprain - ligament with torn collagen fibers - tendons (muscles to bone)
- attach to muscles around joint - bursae
- cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues (can be in multiple spots around the joint)
what is the bone to bone connection?
tendons
what is the muscle to bone connection?
ligaments
what are the 3 planes of movement?
- Monaxial - 1 plane, like elbow
- Biaxial - 2 planes, like wrist
- Triaxial - 3 planes, eg shoulder and hip
listed are some other factors that stabilize synovial joints.
- collagen fibers of joint capsules and ligaments
- shapes of articulating surfaces and menisci
- other bones, muscles, and fat pads
- tendons attached to articulating bones
what is a gliding movement? give an example.
where two bones slide across one plane, like in the tarsals and carpals.
what is an angular movement?
one fixed point, moving the other side, like elbow
What is circumduction?
one fixed point with the range of movement of a complete circle at other end, like shoulder and hip
what is a rotational movement?
with both ends staying in the same point in space, twist
what are special movements?
what are types of movement of synovial joints?
- gliding movement
- angular movement
- circumduction
- rotational movement
- special movements
explain and give an example of each angular movement:
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- flexion - closing an angle
- extension - opening an angle
- hyperextension is extending beyond the anatomical position
explain and give an example of each angular movement:
- abduction
- adduction
- abduction - movement away from a longitudinal axis
- adduction - movement towards a longitudinal axis
*can also apply to the fingers of the hand.
explain and give an example of each rotational movement:
- medial rotation
- lateral rotation
- medial rotation - internal rotation towards long axis
- lateral rotation - external rotation away from the body
*eg: head and whole arm rotation
explain and give an example of each rotational movement:
- pronation
- supination
- pronation - rotation of the the forearm so the radius rolls over ulna, results in palm facing posteriorly
- supination - turns palm anteriorly, forearm is supinated in the anatomical position
explain and give an example of each special movement:
- inversion
- eversion
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
- inversion - twists sole of foot medially
- eversion - twists sole of foot laterally
- dorsiflexion - flexion at ankle, toes towards shin
- plantarflexion - extension at ankle, toes away from shin
explain and give an example of each special movement:
- opposition
- reposition
- protraction
- retraction
- elevation
- depression
- lateral flexion
- opposition - thumb towards other fingers
- reposition - opposite of opposition
- protraction - anterior movement in horizontal plane
- retraction - return to anatomical position
- elevation - moving a structure superiorly (up)
- depression - moving a structure inferiorly (down)
- lateral flexion -
synovial joints:
name and give an example of a plane joint / gliding joint.
non-axial, limited motion
- acromioclavicular
- claviculosternal
- intercarpal joints
- vertebrocostal joints
- sacroiliac joints
synovial joints:
name and give an example of a hinge joint.
angular motion in single plane, monoaxial
- elbow joint
- knee joint
- ankle joint
- interphalangeal joints (fingers and toes)
synovial joints:
name and give an example of a condylar joint
oval articular face with a depression. motion in two planes, biaxial
*the metacarpal-phalangeal joints, not the fingers!
what is a meniscus?
fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones
what is a fat pad?
adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane to protect articular cartilage
what is a bursa?
small pockets of synovial fluid-filled cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues. can have multiple around joints. I think it’s outside of the joint capsule.
synovial joints:
name and give an example of a saddle joint.
can only move forward to back, side to side. biaxial.
- carpal to first metacarpal joint.
synovial joints:
name and give an example of a pivot joint.
where one long axis rotates around another point. monaxial.
- atlas and dens of axis
- radioulnar joints (proximal and distal)
synovial joints:
name and give an example of a ball and socket joint.
ball and socket structure. triaxial.
- glenohumeral joint
- hip joint
name and describe #2 of the intervertebral disc.
anulus fibrosis
- tough outer layers of fibrocartilage
- attaches disc to vertebrae
* notice the lamination in the disc.
name and describe #1 of the intervertebral disc.
nucleus pulposus
- elastic, gelatinous core
- absorbs shock
name and describe #3 of the intervertebral disc.
vertebral end plates of cartilage
- cover superior and inferior surfaces of disc.
what is a bulging disc vs. herniated disc?
- Bulging disc (bulge in anulus fibrosis)
- Herniated disc (nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosis and comprises spinal nerve)
what is Rheumatism?
pain and stiffness in musculoskeletal system
what is arthritis?
joint inflammation
what is osteoarthritis?
age related wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation. generally affects people over 60.
