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Biology A&P 1 > Chapter 7 - Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Axial Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

name the bone.

A

Frontal bone
- “forehead”

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2
Q

name the bone.

A

Parietal bone

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3
Q

name the bone.

A

Temporal bone

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4
Q

name the bone.

A

Occipital bone

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5
Q

name the bone

A

sphenoid bone
- “wedge”

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6
Q

name the bones in blue.

A

zygomatic bones

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7
Q

name the bone in red.

A

maxilla bones

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8
Q

name the bone in green.

A

mandible bone

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9
Q

name the bone in yellow.

A

nasal bones.

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10
Q

name the bone.

A

Ethmoid bone
- “strainer”

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11
Q

name the middle part of the cribriform plate.

A

Crista Galli
- “crest of the rooster”

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12
Q

name the part of the bone.

A

sela turcica
- “turkish saddle”
- where the pituitary gland sits

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13
Q

name the opening.

A

Foramen magnum

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14
Q

name the suture.

A

lambdoid suture

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15
Q

name the suture

A

coronal suture

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16
Q

name the suture.

A

sagittal suture

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17
Q

name the suture

A

squamous suture

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18
Q

axial skeleton vs. appendicular skeleton

A
  • Axial: bones of head and trunk, longitudinal axis of body. Does not include pelvis! The skull, spine, and ribcage.
  • Appendicular skeleton: pelvis and limbs
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19
Q

the axial skeleton can be divided into 3 branches. what are these branches and the branches of the branches. be specific.

A
  1. Skull & Associated Bones
    - skull: cranium & face
    - associated bones: auditory ossicles and hyoid
  2. Thoracic Cage:
    - sternum
    - ribs
  3. Vertebral Column
    - vertebrae
    - sacrum
    - coccyx
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20
Q

how many vertebrae do you have?
how many ribs do you have?

A

24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
24 ribs (or 12 pairs)

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21
Q

what is the function of the axial skeleton?

A
  • support and protect organs in body cavities
  • provides point of attachment for muscles (movement, breathing, stability)
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22
Q

The skull contains 8 Cranial bones and 14 Facial bones. name the 8 Cranial bones. some are pairs…

A
  1. Occipital bone
  2. Parietal bones (2)
  3. Frontal Bone
  4. Temporal Bones (2)
  5. Sphenoid
  6. Ethmoid
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23
Q

The skull contains 8 Cranial bones and 14 Facial bones. name the 14 facial bones. all are pairs except two…

A
  • maxillae (2)
  • palatine bones (2)
  • nasal bones (2)
  • inferior nasal conchae (2)
  • zygomatic bones (2)
  • lacrimal bones (2)
  • vomer
  • mandible
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24
Q

what is the function of cranial bones?

A
  • enclose the cranial cavity, contain the brain
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25
Q

what is the function of facial bones?

A
  • protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
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26
Q

name the associated bones of the skull. 2 branches…

A
  • hyoid
  • auditory ossicles
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27
Q

name the 3 sections of bone from outermost to innermost.

A
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy bone
  3. Bone Marrow
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28
Q

bones are classified aby their shape and structure. name the 6 shapes.

A
  • Sutural
  • Irregular
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Long
  • Sesamoid
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29
Q

what is a sutural bone? (Wormian bones)

A
  • small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the bones of the skull.
  • they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter
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30
Q

what is an irregular bone?

A
  • the miscellaneous drawer of bones.
  • anything that does not fit into the other categories: vertebrae, pelvis, some bones in the skull
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31
Q

what are short bones

A
  • box-like: carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones
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32
Q

what are flat bones?

A
  • thin, parallel surface.
  • roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae.
  • provide protection for underlying soft tissue and offer surface area for muscle attachment
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33
Q

what are long bones?

A
  • long and slender
  • arm, forearm, thigh,
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34
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A
  • small, round, and flat
  • found near the joints of the knees, hands, and feet: patellae
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35
Q

what are Projections? name the types of projections.

A

Projections for attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments, at articulations with other bones
- *Process: like a bump
- *Condyle:
- *Ramus: kind of like a projection (eg. pubix and mandible

  • Trochanter (only on femur)
  • Crest (eg. outer pelvis)
  • Spine (pointed process of pelvis)
  • Line (low ridge, eg. inner pelvis)
  • Tubercle (small rounded projection)
  • Tuberosity (rough projection)
  • Facet
  • Head
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36
Q

Joint Projections: Process and Condyle - name and explain.

A

Process: a projection or prominence
Condyle: rounded articular projection of bone, articulates with a corresponding fossa

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37
Q

Ligament / Tendon Projections: Epicondyle, Trochanter, and Tuberosity. name and explain.

A
  • Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle
  • Trochanter: large projection on Femur
  • Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
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38
Q

Depressions: Fossa & Sulcus

A

Also for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
- Fossa: shallow depression
- Sulcus: narrow groove

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39
Q

Openings: Foramen, Fissure, Meatus, Canal. name and explain.

A

Cavities that indent the bone for passage of blood vessels and nerves.

  • Foramen: round or oval opening, often for blood vessels or nerves. Like a doorway from one room to the next
  • Fissure: like a tunnel
  • Meatus: like a small fissure
  • Canal: like a very very very small fissure, passage of nerves.
40
Q

name the opening.

A

external acoustic meatus

41
Q

name the process.

A

zygomatic process of temporal bone

42
Q

name the process.

A

mastoid process

43
Q

name the process.

A

styloid process

44
Q

name the opening.

A

internal acoustic meatus
- does not pass through the skull. It is a tunnel with only one side open. nerves pass through, collect information, then send info back.

45
Q

name the parts of the bone.

A

lesser wings of the sphenoid bone.

46
Q

name the parts of the bone.

A

greater wings of the sphenoid bone.

47
Q

name the parts of the bone. (looking posteriorly at the bone)

A

pterygoid process

48
Q

name the opening.

A

optic canal
- part of the sphenoid bone
- very medical and anterior
- optic nerve passes through

49
Q

name opening number 2.

A

superior orbital fissure
- for lots of nerves and muscles for eye movement

50
Q

name opening number 3.

A

inferior orbital fissure

51
Q

name the depression.

A

mandibular fossa

52
Q

name the depression. what is the process that it pairs with?

A

Mandibular fossa. pairs with the condylar process of mandible

53
Q

name the superior part of the septum. Hint… it’s part of a larger bone. what bone does it pair with?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. Pairs with the vomer.

54
Q

name #7

A

middle conchae

55
Q

name the inferior bone of the septum

A

vomer

56
Q

name #9

A

inferior nasal conchae

57
Q

name the part of the ethmoid bone.

A

cribriform plate, cribriform foramina

58
Q

name the opening.

A

foramen rotundum
- nice and round.
- supplies nerves to the maxilla

59
Q

name the opening

A

foramen ovale
- oval shaped
- drops nerves down to the mandible

60
Q

name the inferior opening

A

foramen spinosum
- similar functions to foramen ovale

61
Q

name the opening.

A

foramen lacerum
- really a joint, filled with cartilage in real life

62
Q

name the opening.

A

carotid canal

63
Q

name the opening.

A

jugular foramen
- the vagus nerve and other cranial nerves pass through

64
Q

name the opening.

A

foramen magnum

65
Q

name the projections.

A

occipital condyles. they pair with the fossa of …..

66
Q

name the facial foramen.

A
  • supraorbital foramen
  • infraorbital foramen
  • mental foramen
67
Q

what is the name of #3?

A

coronoid process of mandible

68
Q

name the bone.

A

palatine bone

69
Q

name the posterior body of the mandible

A

ramus

70
Q

name the bone.

A

hyoid bone

71
Q

name the sections of vertebrae and their numbers.

A
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacrum (5 fused)
  • coccyx (3-4 fused)
72
Q

name and describe c1 and c2.

A

Atlas (c1) (yes)
Axis (c2) (no)
- dens, vertebral foramen, transverse foramen, transverse process

73
Q

name the differences between vertebrae.

A

Cervical
- bifid spinous process
- smaller body
- has transverse foramen
- triangle shape vertebral foramen

Thoracic
- heart shaped
- medium size body
- no transverse foramen
- oval vertebral foramen
- slender spinous process

Lumbar
- large body
- chunky processes

74
Q

name the parts of the ribcage

A
  1. True ribs (1-7)
  2. False ribs (8-10)
  3. Floating ribs (11 & 12)
  4. Manubrium
  5. Body
  6. Xiphoid process
75
Q

just for fun… this is how the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A
76
Q

name the parts of the scapula

A
  • acromion process
  • coracoid process (or “crow’s beak”). with a “c”.
  • spine
  • glenoid fossa (for the glenohumeral joint)
  • scapular notch
  • superior, medial, and lateral borders
  • superior, lateral, and inferior angles
  • supraspinous fossa
  • infraspinous fossa
  • subscapular fossa (anterior side)
  • “acro” means summit, or highest point. the acromion is the highest point of the shoulder.
77
Q

name the ends of the clavicle

A
  • acromion end
  • sternal end
  • “acro” means summit, or highest point. the acromion is the highest point of the shoulder.
78
Q

name the parts of the humerus

A
  • greater tubercle
  • lesser tubercle
  • intertubercular groove
  • trochlea (means “pulley) - it’s a segment
  • capitulum (means “head”) - the smooth, round shape forms an articulation with the radial head for pronation and supination.
  • medial epicondyle
  • lateral epicondyle
  • olecranon fossa (posterior)
  • coronoid fossa (anterior) - notice the spelling, with an N!
  • radial notch
79
Q

name the parts of the radius and ulna. what is the name of the membrane in-between bones?

A
  • olecranon process
  • trochlear notch
  • head of radius
  • neck of radius
  • radial tuberosity
  • ulna
  • radius
  • head of ulna
  • styloid process of ulna
  • styloid process of radius
    *interosseous membrane
80
Q

describe the parts of the bone.

A
  • olecranon process
  • trochlear notch
  • coronoid process
81
Q

what are the elbow articulations?

A
  • olecranon process and the olecranon fossa
  • coronoid process and coronoid fossa
  • trochlear notch and the trochlea
  • head of the radius and the capitulum
82
Q

name the bones of the hand. remember the singular and plural forms!
how is the hand numbered?

A
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges (plural)
  • proximal phalanx
  • middle phalanx
  • distal phalanx
    *numbered 1-5 beginning with the pollex
83
Q

name the 3 bones of the pelvic girdle.

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
84
Q

name the areas of the pelvis.

(watch a video)

A
  • greater sciatic notch
  • acetabulum
  • iliac crest
  • ischial spine
  • ischial tuberosity
  • obturator foramen
  • pubis symphysis
85
Q

name the parts of the femur.

A
  • head of the femur
  • neck of the femur
  • greater trochanter (superior, lateral)
  • lesser trochanter (inferior, posterior, medial)
  • lateral condyle
  • medial condyle
  • medial and lateral epicondyles
  • patellar surface (anterior)
  • intercondylar fossa (posterior)
86
Q

what bone is this?

A

patella

87
Q

name the bones and the distal projections.

A

-tibia
- fibula
- medial tibial condyle
- lateral tibial condyle
- articulating surafaces
- medial malleolus (tibia)
- lateral malleolus (fibula)

88
Q

name the parts of the foot. how is the foot numbered?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
    *numbered 1-5 beginning with the hallux.
89
Q

name the opening.

A

obturator foramen

90
Q

name the depression.

A

acetabulum

91
Q

name the area.

A

sciatic notch

92
Q

name the area

A

pelvic inlet

93
Q

name the projection (looking posteriorly).

A

ischial spine

94
Q

name the projection

A

ischial tuberosity

95
Q

what is the name of #1?

A

vertebral arch

96
Q

what is the name of #2?

A

pedicles

Biology A&P 1 (16 decks)

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