Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards
What is the “study of tissues”
Histology
What are the 4 types of tissues?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What other tissue is epithelial tissue always connected to?
Connective tissue
Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
avascular. Only cells, no vessels
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
- barrier to outside world
- provides permeability in the body
- provides sensation
- lines internal organs
- forms glands
What is the function of connective tissue?
- supports other tissues, the anchor
- transports materials
- stores energy
What is the function of muscle tissue?
- contraction
what is the foundation layer of epithelial tissue?
What are the 2 types of intertwining noodles in this layer? ***double check
the basement membrane!
- basal lamina
- reticular lamina
what are the top and the bottom sides of the epithelial cells named?
- apical side (top)
- basal side (bottom, basement side)
Name the 3 types of junctions that connect epithelial cells together.
What are Cell Adhesion Molecules? (CAMs)
- Tight junction (snap buttons on a shirt).
Attaches to the cytoskeleton. Proteins are like cement lines in a brick wall. - Desmosomes (between cells - lateral sides)
- Gap junction (exchange molecules, transport through channels, communication)
what kind of cells are made around the basement membrane?
Epithelial cells are replaced by continual division of stem cells. (located near basement membrane)
what are the 3 cell shapes of epithelial tissue?
what is a combination of all 3 called?
- Squamous - squished
- Cuboidal - cubed, round nucleus
- Columnar - skyscraper, oval nucleus
Transitional (dome shaped tops)
what are the 2 kinds of layers of epithelial cells?
- Simple epithelium - single layer (for absorption and diffusion)
- Mesothelium (lines body cavities, like peritoneal - for easy access across)
- Endothelium (forms inner lining of heart and blood vessel)
- Stratified - several layers for protection
what is a goblet cell? What does it do?
- produces mucous.
what is this? where is it found? what is it’s function?
simple squamous epithelium.
- diffusion, filtration, and lubrication
- found in the lungs, liver, serous membranes, cheek, and small intestine
what is this? where is it found? what is it for?
simple cuboidal epithelium
- for absorption and secretion
- sweat glands, mammary glands, kidney
what is this? where is it found? what is it for?
simple columnar epithelium
- also for absorption and secretion
- thyroid, kidneys, small intestine
what is this? where is it found? what is it for?
stratified squamous epithelium
- protection from abrasions
- epidermis, esophagus, vagina
what is this? where is it found? what is it for?
transitional (urinary) epithelium
- made for stretching
- bladder and urinary system
*notice the dome shape on the apical side!
what is this? where is it found? what is it for?
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- trachea, upper bronchial tree
- secretion (mainly mucous), propulsion of mucous by cilia
Glandular Epithelia: name the 2 types of glands.
What are the 2 kinds of gland structures?
- Endocrine glands - everything released stays in body, enter bloodstream. Release hormones, no ducts
- Exocrine glands - “EXcrete” - end up outside body. Have ducts onto epithelial surfaces
- Unicellular (eg. goblet cells)
- Multicellular
What are the 3 Methods of Gland Secretion?
- Merocrine (sweat glands - do not die, just release vesicles) eg. sweat glands.
- Apocrine (cell kind of dies, not fully. Sheds cytoplasm. eg. mammary glands. the loss of the apical cytoplasm.
- Holocrine (completely dead, burst). eg. sebaceous glands.
What are the 4 types of Connective Tissue?
What is the function of connective tissue
- connective tissue Proper
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
The main functions are support and stored energy.
*all possess a small number of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM). Lots of space between cells. Unlike the brick wall of epithelial cells
what is a connective tissue Matrix made of?
fibers and ground substance
Connective Tissue Proper. 2 kinds.
*fibroblasts - primary cells
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
Loose Connective tissue (under the branch of CT Proper).
What is the ratio of ground substance + fibers. What are the 3 kinds?
More ground substance, fewer fibers (eg. fat)
- Reticular - Holy cheese. Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin. Like a spiderweb network, thin wirey fibers
- Areolar (lots of elastic fibers)
- Adipose (lots of adipocytes, or fat cells). White fat, Brown fat (babies and young children)
Dense Connective tissue (under the branch of CT Proper).
What is the ratio of ground substance + fibers. what are the 2 types of fibers
More fibers, less ground substance. eg. tendons.
- collagen fibers, elastic fibers
What are the 3 kinds of fibers in Connective Tissue?
Describe each.
- Collagen fibers - tough, structural, most common, mainly in tendons and ligaments
- Reticular fibers - layer under epidermis, looks like cheese, cushion
- Elastic fibers - allows stretch and recoil, eg. intervertebral cartilage
what are the cells of connective tissue proper?
Mainly fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and adipocytes
what is embryonic connective tissue?
-not found in adults
- Mesenchyme (first connective tissue in embryos)
Dense Connective Tissue - what are the 3 kinds? Describe them
- Dense Regular - tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone / between organs), aponeuroses (tendinous sheets that attach a broad flat muscle to another structure)
- Dense Irregular - provides strength to dermis, capsules around some organs, sheath around cartilages
- Elastic - made of elastic fibers, eg. elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae
what is fasciae?
- connective tissue layers that wrap and support organs
what are the components of blood?
- watery matrix is plasma
- cells:
- red blood cells (transport oxygen)- white blood cells (fight infection)
- platelets (involved in blood clotting)
What are the 3 types of cartilage? describe each. what is the function of cartilage?
what are the cells of cartilage?
Provides shock absorption and protection. Matrix is a firm gel.
- Hyaline cartilage - most common, reduces friction between bones. Found in synovial joints, ribs, sternum, and trachea.
- Elastic cartilage - bends easily, found in external ear and epiglottis
- fibrocartilage - very durable and tough, found around joints, between pubic bones, and between spinal vertebrae, meniscus
*chondroblasts and chondrocytes
what are the cells of bone tissue? what is the matrix made of?
- osteoblasts - secrete bone matrix and build new bone. (B for build)
- osteocytes - mature osteoblasts in lacunae
- osteoclasts - secrete enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of bone matrix (calcium and phosphate)
what is the individual cinnamon roll in the cake of bone? what are the raisins? what are the flaky layers?
Osteon (roll), osteocytes in lacunae (raisins), lacunae (layers)
what kind of tissue are serous membranes? what are the outer and inner sides? what is the fluid in-between the layers?
what are the 3 serous membranes?
epithelial tissue.
parietal (outer - around cavity)
visceral (inner - around organ)
*serous fluid
- Peritoneum - lines peritoneal cavity, covers abdominal organs
- Pleura - lines pleural cavities, covers lungs
- Pericardium - lines pericardial cavity, covers heart
what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal - voluntary. Long fibers, highly striated, peripheral nuclei
- Cardiac - involuntary, striated,
- Smooth - nonstriated (or smooth), found in walls of most hollow organs
what are the 3 types of Loose connective tissue?
- Reticular: Holy cheese. Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin. Like a spiderweb network
- Areolar (lots of elastic fibers)
- Adipose (lots of adipocytes, or fat cells) - White fat & Brown fat (babies and young children)
what does “osseous” or “os” mean?
bone
what is fibrosis?
what are the 3 types of bone cells? describe the job of each.
- osteoblasts - build bone
- osteoclasts - destroys bone
- osteocytes - produce collagen
