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Biology A&P 1 > Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the “study of tissues”

A

Histology

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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3
Q

What other tissue is epithelial tissue always connected to?

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular. Only cells, no vessels

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5
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • barrier to outside world
  • provides permeability in the body
  • provides sensation
  • lines internal organs
  • forms glands
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6
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • supports other tissues, the anchor
  • transports materials
  • stores energy
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7
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A
  • contraction
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8
Q

what is the foundation layer of epithelial tissue?

What are the 2 types of intertwining noodles in this layer? ***double check

A

the basement membrane!

  • basal lamina
  • reticular lamina
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9
Q

what are the top and the bottom sides of the epithelial cells named?

A
  • apical side (top)
  • basal side (bottom, basement side)
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10
Q

Name the 3 types of junctions that connect epithelial cells together.
What are Cell Adhesion Molecules? (CAMs)

A
  • Tight junction (snap buttons on a shirt).
    Attaches to the cytoskeleton. Proteins are like cement lines in a brick wall.
  • Desmosomes (between cells - lateral sides)
  • Gap junction (exchange molecules, transport through channels, communication)
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11
Q

what kind of cells are made around the basement membrane?

A

Epithelial cells are replaced by continual division of stem cells. (located near basement membrane)

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12
Q

what are the 3 cell shapes of epithelial tissue?
what is a combination of all 3 called?

A
  1. Squamous - squished
  2. Cuboidal - cubed, round nucleus
  3. Columnar - skyscraper, oval nucleus

Transitional (dome shaped tops)

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13
Q

what are the 2 kinds of layers of epithelial cells?

A
  1. Simple epithelium - single layer (for absorption and diffusion)
    • Mesothelium (lines body cavities, like peritoneal - for easy access across)
    • Endothelium (forms inner lining of heart and blood vessel)
  2. Stratified - several layers for protection
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14
Q

what is a goblet cell? What does it do?

A
  • produces mucous.
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15
Q

what is this? where is it found? what is it’s function?

A

simple squamous epithelium.
- diffusion, filtration, and lubrication
- found in the lungs, liver, serous membranes, cheek, and small intestine

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16
Q

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium
- for absorption and secretion
- sweat glands, mammary glands, kidney

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17
Q

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

A

simple columnar epithelium
- also for absorption and secretion
- thyroid, kidneys, small intestine

18
Q

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

A

stratified squamous epithelium
- protection from abrasions
- epidermis, esophagus, vagina

19
Q

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

A

transitional (urinary) epithelium
- made for stretching
- bladder and urinary system
*notice the dome shape on the apical side!

20
Q

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- trachea, upper bronchial tree
- secretion (mainly mucous), propulsion of mucous by cilia

21
Q

Glandular Epithelia: name the 2 types of glands.
What are the 2 kinds of gland structures?

A
  • Endocrine glands - everything released stays in body, enter bloodstream. Release hormones, no ducts
  • Exocrine glands - “EXcrete” - end up outside body. Have ducts onto epithelial surfaces
  • Unicellular (eg. goblet cells)
  • Multicellular
22
Q

What are the 3 Methods of Gland Secretion?

A
  • Merocrine (sweat glands - do not die, just release vesicles) eg. sweat glands.
  • Apocrine (cell kind of dies, not fully. Sheds cytoplasm. eg. mammary glands. the loss of the apical cytoplasm.
  • Holocrine (completely dead, burst). eg. sebaceous glands.
23
Q

What are the 4 types of Connective Tissue?
What is the function of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue Proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood

The main functions are support and stored energy.
*all possess a small number of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM). Lots of space between cells. Unlike the brick wall of epithelial cells

24
Q

what is a connective tissue Matrix made of?

A

fibers and ground substance

25
Q

Connective Tissue Proper. 2 kinds.

A

*fibroblasts - primary cells

  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
26
Q

Loose Connective tissue (under the branch of CT Proper).
What is the ratio of ground substance + fibers. What are the 3 kinds?

A

More ground substance, fewer fibers (eg. fat)

  1. Reticular - Holy cheese. Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin. Like a spiderweb network, thin wirey fibers
  2. Areolar (lots of elastic fibers)
  3. Adipose (lots of adipocytes, or fat cells). White fat, Brown fat (babies and young children)
27
Q

Dense Connective tissue (under the branch of CT Proper).
What is the ratio of ground substance + fibers. what are the 2 types of fibers

A

More fibers, less ground substance. eg. tendons.

  • collagen fibers, elastic fibers
28
Q

What are the 3 kinds of fibers in Connective Tissue?
Describe each.

A
  1. Collagen fibers - tough, structural, most common, mainly in tendons and ligaments
  2. Reticular fibers - layer under epidermis, looks like cheese, cushion
  3. Elastic fibers - allows stretch and recoil, eg. intervertebral cartilage
29
Q

what are the cells of connective tissue proper?

A

Mainly fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and adipocytes

30
Q

what is embryonic connective tissue?

A

-not found in adults
- Mesenchyme (first connective tissue in embryos)

31
Q

Dense Connective Tissue - what are the 3 kinds? Describe them

A
  • Dense Regular - tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone / between organs), aponeuroses (tendinous sheets that attach a broad flat muscle to another structure)
  • Dense Irregular - provides strength to dermis, capsules around some organs, sheath around cartilages
  • Elastic - made of elastic fibers, eg. elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae
32
Q

what is fasciae?

A
  • connective tissue layers that wrap and support organs
33
Q

what are the components of blood?

A
  • watery matrix is plasma
  • cells:
    - red blood cells (transport oxygen)
    • white blood cells (fight infection)
    • platelets (involved in blood clotting)
34
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage? describe each. what is the function of cartilage?

what are the cells of cartilage?

A

Provides shock absorption and protection. Matrix is a firm gel.

  • Hyaline cartilage - most common, reduces friction between bones. Found in synovial joints, ribs, sternum, and trachea.
  • Elastic cartilage - bends easily, found in external ear and epiglottis
  • fibrocartilage - very durable and tough, found around joints, between pubic bones, and between spinal vertebrae, meniscus

*chondroblasts and chondrocytes

35
Q

what are the cells of bone tissue? what is the matrix made of?

A
  • osteoblasts - secrete bone matrix and build new bone. (B for build)
  • osteocytes - mature osteoblasts in lacunae
  • osteoclasts - secrete enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of bone matrix (calcium and phosphate)
36
Q

what is the individual cinnamon roll in the cake of bone? what are the raisins? what are the flaky layers?

A

Osteon (roll), osteocytes in lacunae (raisins), lacunae (layers)

37
Q

what kind of tissue are serous membranes? what are the outer and inner sides? what is the fluid in-between the layers?

what are the 3 serous membranes?

A

epithelial tissue.
parietal (outer - around cavity)
visceral (inner - around organ)
*serous fluid

  1. Peritoneum - lines peritoneal cavity, covers abdominal organs
  2. Pleura - lines pleural cavities, covers lungs
  3. Pericardium - lines pericardial cavity, covers heart
38
Q

what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal - voluntary. Long fibers, highly striated, peripheral nuclei
  2. Cardiac - involuntary, striated,
  3. Smooth - nonstriated (or smooth), found in walls of most hollow organs
39
Q

what are the 3 types of Loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Reticular: Holy cheese. Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin. Like a spiderweb network
  2. Areolar (lots of elastic fibers)
  3. Adipose (lots of adipocytes, or fat cells) - White fat & Brown fat (babies and young children)
40
Q

what does “osseous” or “os” mean?

A

bone

41
Q

what is fibrosis?

A
42
Q

what are the 3 types of bone cells? describe the job of each.

A
  1. osteoblasts - build bone
  2. osteoclasts - destroys bone
  3. osteocytes - produce collagen

Biology A&P 1 (16 decks)

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