Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization

Question 1

What is the “study of tissues”

Answer 1

Histology

Question 2

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 2

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 3

What other tissue is epithelial tissue always connected to?

Answer 3

Connective tissue

Question 4

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

Answer 4

avascular. Only cells, no vessels

Question 5

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

• barrier to outside world
• provides permeability in the body
• provides sensation
• lines internal organs
• forms glands

Question 6

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 6

• supports other tissues, the anchor
• transports materials
• stores energy

Question 7

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 7

• contraction

Question 8

what is the foundation layer of epithelial tissue?

What are the 2 types of intertwining noodles in this layer? ***double check

Answer 8

the basement membrane!

• basal lamina
• reticular lamina

Question 9

what are the top and the bottom sides of the epithelial cells named?

Answer 9

• apical side (top)
• basal side (bottom, basement side)

Question 10

Name the 3 types of junctions that connect epithelial cells together.
What are Cell Adhesion Molecules? (CAMs)

Answer 10

• Tight junction (snap buttons on a shirt).
  Attaches to the cytoskeleton. Proteins are like cement lines in a brick wall.
• Desmosomes (between cells - lateral sides)
• Gap junction (exchange molecules, transport through channels, communication)

Question 11

what kind of cells are made around the basement membrane?

Answer 11

Epithelial cells are replaced by continual division of stem cells. (located near basement membrane)

Question 12

what are the 3 cell shapes of epithelial tissue?
what is a combination of all 3 called?

Answer 12

1. Squamous - squished
2. Cuboidal - cubed, round nucleus
3. Columnar - skyscraper, oval nucleus

Transitional (dome shaped tops)

Question 13

what are the 2 kinds of layers of epithelial cells?

Answer 13

1. Simple epithelium - single layer (for absorption and diffusion)
   
   • Mesothelium (lines body cavities, like peritoneal - for easy access across)
   • Endothelium (forms inner lining of heart and blood vessel)
2. Stratified - several layers for protection

Question 14

what is a goblet cell? What does it do?

Answer 14

• produces mucous.

Question 15

what is this? where is it found? what is it’s function?

Answer 15

simple squamous epithelium.
- diffusion, filtration, and lubrication
- found in the lungs, liver, serous membranes, cheek, and small intestine

Question 16

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

Answer 16

simple cuboidal epithelium
- for absorption and secretion
- sweat glands, mammary glands, kidney

Question 17

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

Answer 17

simple columnar epithelium
- also for absorption and secretion
- thyroid, kidneys, small intestine

Question 18

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

Answer 18

stratified squamous epithelium
- protection from abrasions
- epidermis, esophagus, vagina

Question 19

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

Answer 19

transitional (urinary) epithelium
- made for stretching
- bladder and urinary system
*notice the dome shape on the apical side!

Question 20

what is this? where is it found? what is it for?

Answer 20

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- trachea, upper bronchial tree
- secretion (mainly mucous), propulsion of mucous by cilia

Question 21

Glandular Epithelia: name the 2 types of glands.
What are the 2 kinds of gland structures?

Answer 21

• Endocrine glands - everything released stays in body, enter bloodstream. Release hormones, no ducts
• Exocrine glands - “EXcrete” - end up outside body. Have ducts onto epithelial surfaces
• Unicellular (eg. goblet cells)
• Multicellular

Question 22

What are the 3 Methods of Gland Secretion?

Answer 22

• Merocrine (sweat glands - do not die, just release vesicles) eg. sweat glands.
• Apocrine (cell kind of dies, not fully. Sheds cytoplasm. eg. mammary glands. the loss of the apical cytoplasm.
• Holocrine (completely dead, burst). eg. sebaceous glands.

Question 23

What are the 4 types of Connective Tissue?
What is the function of connective tissue

Answer 23

1. connective tissue Proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood

The main functions are support and stored energy.
*all possess a small number of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM). Lots of space between cells. Unlike the brick wall of epithelial cells

Question 24

what is a connective tissue Matrix made of?

Answer 24

fibers and ground substance

Question 25

Connective Tissue Proper. 2 kinds.

Answer 25

*fibroblasts - primary cells 1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue

Question 26

Loose Connective tissue (under the branch of CT Proper). What is the ratio of ground substance + fibers. What are the 3 kinds?

Answer 26

More ground substance, fewer fibers (eg. fat) 1. Reticular - Holy cheese. Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin. Like a spiderweb network, thin wirey fibers 2. Areolar (lots of elastic fibers) 3. Adipose (lots of adipocytes, or fat cells). White fat, Brown fat (babies and young children)

Question 27

Dense Connective tissue (under the branch of CT Proper). What is the ratio of ground substance + fibers. what are the 2 types of fibers

Answer 27

More fibers, less ground substance. eg. tendons. - collagen fibers, elastic fibers

Question 28

What are the 3 kinds of fibers in Connective Tissue? Describe each.

Answer 28

1. Collagen fibers - tough, structural, most common, mainly in tendons and ligaments 2. Reticular fibers - layer under epidermis, looks like cheese, cushion 3. Elastic fibers - allows stretch and recoil, eg. intervertebral cartilage

Question 29

what are the cells of connective tissue proper?

Answer 29

Mainly fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and adipocytes

Question 30

what is embryonic connective tissue?

Answer 30

-not found in adults - Mesenchyme (first connective tissue in embryos)

Question 31

Dense Connective Tissue - what are the 3 kinds? Describe them

Answer 31

- Dense Regular - tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone / between organs), aponeuroses (tendinous sheets that attach a broad flat muscle to another structure) - Dense Irregular - provides strength to dermis, capsules around some organs, sheath around cartilages - Elastic - made of elastic fibers, eg. elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae

Question 32

what is fasciae?

Answer 32

- connective tissue layers that wrap and support organs

Question 33

what are the components of blood?

Answer 33

- watery matrix is plasma - cells: - red blood cells (transport oxygen) - white blood cells (fight infection) - platelets (involved in blood clotting)

Question 34

What are the 3 types of cartilage? describe each. what is the function of cartilage? what are the cells of cartilage?

Answer 34

Provides shock absorption and protection. Matrix is a firm gel. - Hyaline cartilage - most common, reduces friction between bones. Found in synovial joints, ribs, sternum, and trachea. - Elastic cartilage - bends easily, found in external ear and epiglottis - fibrocartilage - very durable and tough, found around joints, between pubic bones, and between spinal vertebrae, meniscus *chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 35

what are the cells of bone tissue? what is the matrix made of?

Answer 35

- osteoblasts - secrete bone matrix and build new bone. (B for build) - osteocytes - mature osteoblasts in lacunae - osteoclasts - secrete enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of bone matrix (calcium and phosphate)

Question 36

what is the individual cinnamon roll in the cake of bone? what are the raisins? what are the flaky layers?

Answer 36

Osteon (roll), osteocytes in lacunae (raisins), lacunae (layers)

Question 37

what kind of tissue are serous membranes? what are the outer and inner sides? what is the fluid in-between the layers? what are the 3 serous membranes?

Answer 37

epithelial tissue. parietal (outer - around cavity) visceral (inner - around organ) *serous fluid 1. Peritoneum - lines peritoneal cavity, covers abdominal organs 2. Pleura - lines pleural cavities, covers lungs 3. Pericardium - lines pericardial cavity, covers heart

Question 38

what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?

Answer 38

1. Skeletal - voluntary. Long fibers, highly striated, peripheral nuclei 2. Cardiac - involuntary, striated, 3. Smooth - nonstriated (or smooth), found in walls of most hollow organs

Question 39

what are the 3 types of Loose connective tissue?

Answer 39

1. Reticular: Holy cheese. Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin. Like a spiderweb network 2. Areolar (lots of elastic fibers) 3. Adipose (lots of adipocytes, or fat cells) - White fat & Brown fat (babies and young children)

Question 40

what does "osseous" or "os" mean?

Answer 40

bone

Question 41

what is fibrosis?

Question 42

what are the 3 types of bone cells? describe the job of each.

Answer 42

1. osteoblasts - build bone 2. osteoclasts - destroys bone 3. osteocytes - produce collagen