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Biology A&P 1 > Chapter 12 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

name the segments of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. how many spinal cord segments are there, and how to they interact with the vertebrae?

A

*spinal nerves begin horizontal, then obliquely, then vertical.
- 8 cervical spinal cord segments (only 7 cervical vertebrae)
- 12 thoracic spinal cord segments
- 5 sacral spinal cord segments
- 1 coccygeal segment.

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2
Q

what is the end section of the spinal cord called? what vertebras does this end at?

A

conus medullaris
- between L1 and L2

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3
Q

what is the name of the vertical group of spinal nerves after the end of the spinal cord?

A

cauda equina

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4
Q

what is the nerve from the end of the conus medullaris to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale, or “end thread”

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5
Q

what parts make up the Central Nervous System? what parts make up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord
  • PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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6
Q

what are meninges?

A
  • protective tissue around the spinal cord. think of them as a seatbelt to protect the passenger in a car
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7
Q

name the meninges from outermost to innermost, with their corresponding spaces.

A
  • Epidural space (above the dura mater)
    Dura Mater
    • subdural space (below the dura mater)
      Arachnoid Mater
    • subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater, holds csf, spiderweb appearance)
      Pia Mater -
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8
Q

just a note… in the white matter of the spinal cord, there are ascending and descending tracts

A
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9
Q

name the parts of the spinal cord. why is each matter their respective color?

A

White Matter
- posterior white column
- lateral white column
- anterior white column

Grey Matter
- posterior grey horn
- lateral grey horn
- anterior grey horn

Imagine a neuron like a lollipop. the head is grey, the stick is white. the heads are clustered in grey matter, the axons are branching in white matter.

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10
Q

what is the back midline depression on the spinal cord?

A

posterior median sulcus

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11
Q

what is the front midline depression on the spinal cord?

A

anterior median fissure

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12
Q

what is the bridge between sides of the spinal cord? what is the opening in the center?

A
  • commissure
  • central canal
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13
Q

name the blue parts of the reflex arc

A
  • dorsal root ganglion
  • dorsal root
  • interneuron (sandwiched by synapses)
  • ventral root
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14
Q

name the green parts of the reflex arc

A
  • sensory receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • motor effector
  • motor neuron
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15
Q

name the structure and main nerve.

A
  • cervical plexus
  • phrenic nerve
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16
Q

name the main nerves of the arm. what structure does is stem from?

A

Brachial plexus
- ulnar nerve
- median nerve
- radial nerve

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17
Q

name the structure labeled in red.

A

sacral plexus

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18
Q

name the structure labeled in blue.

A

lumbar plexus

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19
Q

name the structure and nerves

A

Lumbar plexus (Femoral - F in Front)
- Femoral Nerve
- Saphenous Nerve

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20
Q

name all the nerves in red.

A

Sacral Plexus
- Sciatic Nerve (behind)
- Common Fibular Nerve
- Deep Fibular Nerve
- Superficial Fibular Nerve
- Tibial Nerve
- Sural Nerve

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21
Q

name the parts of the axon

A
  • Dendrites (listeners & recievers)
  • Axon terminal
  • Cell Body (or soma)
  • Nissl Bodies (the smooth endoplasmic reticulum like structure of the neuron)
  • Nucleolus
  • Nucleus
  • Axonal End Bulb
  • Neurofibrils (the cytoskeleton that structures and hooks its arms)
  • Axon Hillock (terminal … ?)
  • Axon (transmitter)
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22
Q

name the parts of the neuron

A
  • axon core
  • nucleus of Schwann cell
  • myelin sheath
  • node of Ranvier
  • the axon
  • neurilemma (like sarcolemma)
  • endoneurium
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23
Q

just like a muscle fiber, a nerve fiber is made of bundles of nerves. what are the layers of a nerve fiber? what is the connective tissue surrounding the innermost structure?

A
  • nerve fiber (whole structure)
  • fascicles - bundles of neurons
  • neurons -

*connective layers are epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium.

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24
Q

name the parts of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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25
name the structure
central sulcus
26
name the structure
longitudinal fissure
27
name the structure
lateral fissure
28
name the structure in teal
transverse fissure
29
what is the depression between the middle and back lobes?
the parieto-occipital sulcus
30
name the structure
cerebellum
31
name the parts of the Diencephalon
looks like a seahorse. diencephalon is like a mirrored & paired seahorse for both left and right hemispheres. Diencephalon (left & right) - Thalamus (top head) - Hypothalamus (seahorse beak) - Epithalamus (lower back of head) - pineal gland / body (back of the head ruffles) - mammillary bodies (throat of seahorse. secretes csf)
32
name the structures
- pineal gland / body - pituitary gland
33
name the parts of the Brainstem. what is the main structure inside the cerebellum? what are the little bodies of four twins below the pineal gland called?
Brainstem - midbrain (upper body of seahorse) - pons (big belly) - medulla oblongata (long lower body) *arbor vitae *corpora quadrigemina
34
what is the structure that tightly connects both hemispheres of the brain?
corpus callosum
35
name the spaces
lateral ventricles (below the corpus callosum)
36
what is the name of the passageway from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle?
interventricular foramen
37
what is the space between the diencephalons?
3rd ventricle
38
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
cerebral aqueduct
39
name the space
4th ventricle
40
what is the name of the structures that secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles?
choroid plexus (of each ventricle) - shown in red
41
what is the very tip of the 4th ventricle?
median aperture (flows csf into the central canal of the spinal cord)
42
name cranial nerve I. what kind of fiber is it?
CN I - Olfactory nerve Sensory, for smell *Actually a continuation of the brain stem
43
name cranial nerve II. what kind of fiber is it?
CN II - Optic nerve Sensory, for vision *Actually a continuation of the brain stem
44
name cranial nerve III. what kind of fiber is it?
CN III - Oculomotor nerve Motor: movement for muscles of eyes, pupils, and eyelids (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens in same grouping)
45
name cranial nerve IV. what kind of fiber is it?
CN IV - Trochlear nerve Motor: named "trochlear" because of the pulley like structure on the median sides of the eye, oblique muscle. (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens in same grouping)
46
name cranial nerve VI. what kind of fiber is it?
CN VI - Abducens nerve Motor: only innervates the lateral eye muscle. (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens in same grouping)
47
name cranial nerve V. what kind of fiber is it?
CN V - Trigeminal nerve Both Sensory and Motor: sensory branches around face, and innervates masseter and temporalis muscles for mastication
48
name cranial nerve VII. what kind of fiber is it?
CN VII - Facial nerve Both sensory and motor: tastes, moves facial muscles, and innervates glands. Closes your eye, tastes pie, and makes you cry.
49
name cranial nerve VIII. what kind of fiber is it?
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve Sensory: senses balance and hearing
50
name cranial nerve VIII. what kind of fiber is it?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve Both: senses on tongue and innervates back of throat muscles, like the gag reflex *"gloss" for tongue, "pharyn" for pharynx muscles (back of the throat)
51
name cranial nerve X. what kind of fiber is it?
CN X - Vagus nerve Both: sensation and muscles of palate, throat, heart, airways, digestion
52
name cranial nerve XI. what kind of fiber is it?
CN XI - Spinal Accessory neve Motor: innervates trapezius and scm. helps to shrug shoulders and turn head.
53
name cranial nerve XII. what kind of fiber is it?
CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve Motor: innervates tongue muscles
54
name the structure
septum pellucidum - like the septum in the nose, separates the ventricles
55
name the structure
fornix - a fiber track that connects many different limbic paths. "forging" a path...
56
name the structure
intermediate mass. it is the connective fibers between both the left and right thalamus, so its intermediate.
57
what is the name of the structure that attaches to the pituitary gland?
the infundibulum
58
name the nerve. what plexus is it from? what other nerve branches from this?
Femoral nerve, from the Lumbar plexus *saphenous nerve
59
name the nerve and the branches. what plexus is it from?
Sciatic nerve, from the sacral plexus. - branches into Common Fibular nerve and Tibial nerve - Common Fibular nerve branches into the Deep Fibular nerve and the Superficial Fibular nerve (for anterior muscles of lower leg) - sural nerve runs along the back of the calf
60
12 cranial nerves (try to find all numbers in the face)
61
another view of the cranial nerves
62
Nervous System Diagram
another one..
63
Nervous Tissue contains 2 types of cells:
1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia (or glial cells)
64
1. Neuron Structure
Soma (cell body): - Perikaryon - like the cytoplasm of neuron cell - Nissl bodies - like the RER and free ribosomes Process: - Axon = long process (sends messages) - dendrite = small process (receives messages) - telodendrion (end branching segment of axon)
64
What are the 4 Structural types of Neurons?
1. Anaxonic - like a snowflake (in brain) 2. Bipolar - like in nose for smelling through cribriform plate 3. Unipolar - sensory / afferent neurons - One side sensory, one side is action - Very common in PNS 4. Multipolar - Common in CNS and PNS
65
what are the 3 broad functional classifications of neurons?
1. Sensory - somatic (external) & visceral (internal) - interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors 2. Motor - preganglionic & postganlionic 3. Interneurons - intermediate between sensory and motor. found in the brain and spinal cord.
66
Know the 4 types of Glial cells in the CNS and 2 types in the PNS
Central Nervous System 1. Astrocytes - found in the blood-brain-barrier 2. Ependymal cells - produce and monitor csf 3. Oligodendrocytes - provide myelin sheath in CNS 4. Microglia - cleaning crew Peripheral Nervous System 1. Satellite cells - surround and monitor neuron cell bodies/ganglions and regulate fluid 2. Schwann cells - myelinate axons in PNS
67
Quickly reviewing the Action Potential in stages... *strength of action potential always the same, it is the frequency that changes.
1. Resting State, "Polarized" : Resting Potential: -70 mV - Na+ (positive sodium on outside of cell) - K+ (positive potassium on inside of cell, but more large negative proteins = negative inner charge) - sodium-potassium pump 2. "depolarized": at -55 mV, ion channels in membrane all open and flood of sodium ions into the cell, triggers neighboring ion channels to do the same = current. - peak depolarization at around +40 mV 3. "repolarization": potassium ion channels allow potassium to flow out of the membrane 4. "hyperpolarization": too far in other direction, sodium-potassium pump restores balance.
68
types of active ion channels:
1. chemically gated 2. voltage gated 3. mechanically gated
69
left on slide 160

Biology A&P 1 (16 decks)

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