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Biology A&P 1 > Chapter 12 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

name the segments of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. how many spinal cord segments are there, and how to they interact with the vertebrae?

A

*spinal nerves begin horizontal, then obliquely, then vertical.
- 8 cervical spinal cord segments (only 7 cervical vertebrae)
- 12 thoracic spinal cord segments
- 5 sacral spinal cord segments
- 1 coccygeal segment.

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2
Q

what is the end section of the spinal cord called? what vertebras does this end at?

A

conus medullaris
- between L1 and L2

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3
Q

what is the name of the vertical group of spinal nerves after the end of the spinal cord?

A

cauda equina

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4
Q

what is the nerve from the end of the conus medullaris to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale, or “end thread”

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5
Q

what parts make up the Central Nervous System? what parts make up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord
  • PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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6
Q

what are meninges?

A
  • protective tissue around the spinal cord. think of them as a seatbelt to protect the passenger in a car
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7
Q

name the meninges from outermost to innermost, with their corresponding spaces.

A
  • Epidural space (above the dura mater)
    Dura Mater
    • subdural space (below the dura mater)
      Arachnoid Mater
    • subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater, holds csf, spiderweb appearance)
      Pia Mater -
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8
Q

just a note… in the white matter of the spinal cord, there are ascending and descending tracts

A
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9
Q

name the parts of the spinal cord. why is each matter their respective color?

A

White Matter
- posterior white column
- lateral white column
- anterior white column

Grey Matter
- posterior grey horn
- lateral grey horn
- anterior grey horn

Imagine a neuron like a lollipop. the head is grey, the stick is white. the heads are clustered in grey matter, the axons are branching in white matter.

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10
Q

what is the back midline depression on the spinal cord?

A

posterior median sulcus

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11
Q

what is the front midline depression on the spinal cord?

A

anterior median fissure

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12
Q

what is the bridge between sides of the spinal cord? what is the opening in the center?

A
  • commissure
  • central canal
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13
Q

name the blue parts of the reflex arc

A
  • dorsal root ganglion
  • dorsal root
  • interneuron (sandwiched by synapses)
  • ventral root
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14
Q

name the green parts of the reflex arc

A
  • sensory receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • motor effector
  • motor neuron
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15
Q

name the structure and main nerve.

A
  • cervical plexus
  • phrenic nerve
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16
Q

name the main nerves of the arm. what structure does is stem from?

A

Brachial plexus
- ulnar nerve
- median nerve
- radial nerve

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17
Q

name the structure labeled in red.

A

sacral plexus

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18
Q

name the structure labeled in blue.

A

lumbar plexus

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19
Q

name the structure and nerves

A

Lumbar plexus (Femoral - F in Front)
- Femoral Nerve
- Saphenous Nerve

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20
Q

name all the nerves in red.

A

Sacral Plexus
- Sciatic Nerve (behind)
- Common Fibular Nerve
- Deep Fibular Nerve
- Superficial Fibular Nerve
- Tibial Nerve
- Sural Nerve

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21
Q

name the parts of the axon

A
  • Dendrites (listeners & recievers)
  • Axon terminal
  • Cell Body (or soma)
  • Nissl Bodies (the smooth endoplasmic reticulum like structure of the neuron)
  • Nucleolus
  • Nucleus
  • Axonal End Bulb
  • Neurofibrils (the cytoskeleton that structures and hooks its arms)
  • Axon Hillock (terminal … ?)
  • Axon (transmitter)
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22
Q

name the parts of the neuron

A
  • axon core
  • nucleus of Schwann cell
  • myelin sheath
  • node of Ranvier
  • the axon
  • neurilemma (like sarcolemma)
  • endoneurium
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23
Q

just like a muscle fiber, a nerve fiber is made of bundles of nerves. what are the layers of a nerve fiber? what is the connective tissue surrounding the innermost structure?

A
  • nerve fiber (whole structure)
  • fascicles - bundles of neurons
  • neurons -

*connective layers are epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium.

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24
Q

name the parts of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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25
Q

name the structure

A

central sulcus

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26
Q

name the structure

A

longitudinal fissure

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27
Q

name the structure

A

lateral fissure

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28
Q

name the structure in teal

A

transverse fissure

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29
Q

what is the depression between the middle and back lobes?

A

the parieto-occipital sulcus

30
Q

name the structure

A

cerebellum

31
Q

name the parts of the Diencephalon

A

looks like a seahorse. diencephalon is like a mirrored & paired seahorse for both left and right hemispheres.
Diencephalon (left & right)
- Thalamus (top head)
- Hypothalamus (seahorse beak)
- Epithalamus (lower back of head)
- pineal gland / body (back of the head ruffles)
- mammillary bodies (throat of seahorse. secretes csf)

32
Q

name the structures

A
  • pineal gland / body
  • pituitary gland
33
Q

name the parts of the Brainstem. what is the main structure inside the cerebellum? what are the little bodies of four twins below the pineal gland called?

A

Brainstem
- midbrain (upper body of seahorse)
- pons (big belly)
- medulla oblongata (long lower body)
*arbor vitae
*corpora quadrigemina

34
Q

what is the structure that tightly connects both hemispheres of the brain?

A

corpus callosum

35
Q

name the spaces

A

lateral ventricles
(below the corpus callosum)

36
Q

what is the name of the passageway from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen

37
Q

what is the space between the diencephalons?

A

3rd ventricle

38
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

39
Q

name the space

A

4th ventricle

40
Q

what is the name of the structures that secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles?

A

choroid plexus (of each ventricle)
- shown in red

41
Q

what is the very tip of the 4th ventricle?

A

median aperture
(flows csf into the central canal of the spinal cord)

42
Q

name cranial nerve I. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN I - Olfactory nerve
Sensory, for smell
*Actually a continuation of the brain stem

43
Q

name cranial nerve II. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN II - Optic nerve
Sensory, for vision
*Actually a continuation of the brain stem

44
Q

name cranial nerve III. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN III - Oculomotor nerve
Motor: movement for muscles of eyes, pupils, and eyelids

(oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens in same grouping)

45
Q

name cranial nerve IV. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN IV - Trochlear nerve
Motor: named “trochlear” because of the pulley like structure on the median sides of the eye, oblique muscle.

(oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens in same grouping)

46
Q

name cranial nerve VI. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN VI - Abducens nerve
Motor: only innervates the lateral eye muscle.

(oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens in same grouping)

47
Q

name cranial nerve V. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN V - Trigeminal nerve
Both Sensory and Motor: sensory branches around face, and innervates masseter and temporalis muscles for mastication

48
Q

name cranial nerve VII. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN VII - Facial nerve
Both sensory and motor: tastes, moves facial muscles, and innervates glands.
Closes your eye, tastes pie, and makes you cry.

49
Q

name cranial nerve VIII. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
Sensory: senses balance and hearing

50
Q

name cranial nerve VIII. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
Both: senses on tongue and innervates back of throat muscles, like the gag reflex
*“gloss” for tongue, “pharyn” for pharynx muscles (back of the throat)

51
Q

name cranial nerve X. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN X - Vagus nerve
Both: sensation and muscles of palate, throat, heart, airways, digestion

52
Q

name cranial nerve XI. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN XI - Spinal Accessory neve
Motor: innervates trapezius and scm. helps to shrug shoulders and turn head.

53
Q

name cranial nerve XII. what kind of fiber is it?

A

CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve
Motor: innervates tongue muscles

54
Q

name the structure

A

septum pellucidum
- like the septum in the nose, separates the ventricles

55
Q

name the structure

A

fornix
- a fiber track that connects many different limbic paths. “forging” a path…

56
Q

name the structure

A

intermediate mass.
it is the connective fibers between both the left and right thalamus, so its intermediate.

57
Q

what is the name of the structure that attaches to the pituitary gland?

A

the infundibulum

58
Q

name the nerve. what plexus is it from? what other nerve branches from this?

A

Femoral nerve, from the Lumbar plexus
*saphenous nerve

59
Q

name the nerve and the branches. what plexus is it from?

A

Sciatic nerve, from the sacral plexus.
- branches into Common Fibular nerve and Tibial nerve
- Common Fibular nerve branches into the Deep Fibular nerve and the Superficial Fibular nerve (for anterior muscles of lower leg)
- sural nerve runs along the back of the calf

60
Q

12 cranial nerves (try to find all numbers in the face)

61
Q

another view of the cranial nerves

62
Q

Nervous System Diagram

A

another one..

63
Q

Nervous Tissue contains 2 types of cells:

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia (or glial cells)
64
Q
  1. Neuron Structure
A

Soma (cell body):
- Perikaryon - like the cytoplasm of neuron cell
- Nissl bodies - like the RER and free ribosomes

Process:
- Axon = long process (sends messages)
- dendrite = small process (receives messages)
- telodendrion (end branching segment of axon)

64
Q

What are the 4 Structural types of Neurons?

A
  1. Anaxonic - like a snowflake (in brain)
  2. Bipolar - like in nose for smelling through cribriform plate
  3. Unipolar - sensory / afferent neurons
    • One side sensory, one side is action
    • Very common in PNS
  4. Multipolar
    • Common in CNS and PNS
65
Q

what are the 3 broad functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory
    - somatic (external) & visceral (internal)
    - interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors
  2. Motor
    • preganglionic & postganlionic
  3. Interneurons
    • intermediate between sensory and motor. found in the brain and spinal cord.
66
Q

Know the 4 types of Glial cells in the CNS and 2 types in the PNS

A

Central Nervous System
1. Astrocytes - found in the blood-brain-barrier
2. Ependymal cells - produce and monitor csf
3. Oligodendrocytes - provide myelin sheath in CNS
4. Microglia - cleaning crew

Peripheral Nervous System
1. Satellite cells - surround and monitor neuron cell bodies/ganglions and regulate fluid
2. Schwann cells - myelinate axons in PNS

67
Q

Quickly reviewing the Action Potential in stages…

*strength of action potential always the same, it is the frequency that changes.

A
  1. Resting State, “Polarized” : Resting Potential: -70 mV
    • Na+ (positive sodium on outside of cell)
    • K+ (positive potassium on inside of cell, but more large negative proteins = negative inner charge)
    • sodium-potassium pump
  2. “depolarized”: at -55 mV, ion channels in membrane all open and flood of sodium ions into the cell, triggers neighboring ion channels to do the same = current.
    • peak depolarization at around +40 mV
  3. “repolarization”: potassium ion channels allow potassium to flow out of the membrane
  4. “hyperpolarization”: too far in other direction, sodium-potassium pump restores balance.
68
Q

types of active ion channels:

A
  1. chemically gated
  2. voltage gated
  3. mechanically gated
69
Q

left on slide 160

Biology A&P 1 (16 decks)

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