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PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II > Chapter 9 - Intelligence and IQ Testing > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Intelligence and IQ Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

Child Prodigy

A

individual who displays astounding intellectual achievements at an early age

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2
Q

What does ‘IQ’ stand for?

A

intelligence quotient

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3
Q

According to Boring (1923) intelligence is…

A

whatever intelligence tests measure

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4
Q

What was Galton’s hypothesis?

A

Intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity, so people with better sensory capacities were more knowledgeable

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5
Q

What were the results of Galton’s findings?

A

Sensory capacities are only mildly correlated with each other and intelligence

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6
Q

Who developed the first intelligence test?

A

Binet and Simon in 1905

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7
Q

Intelligence Test

A

diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability

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8
Q

What was involved in Binet and Simon’s intelligence test?

A

-naming objects
-generating meaning of words
-drawing pictures from memory
-completing incomplete sentences
-determining similarities between two objects
-constructing sentences from 3 words

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9
Q

What concept was involved in Binet and Simon’s test?

A

higher mental processes (reasoning, understanding, judgement)

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10
Q

Abstract Thinking

A

capacity to understand hypothetical concepts

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11
Q

What words we agreed to define intelligence in 1921?

A

-reason abstractly
-learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances
-acquire knowledge
-benefit from experience

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12
Q

Western View of Intelligence (laypeople)

A

capacity to reason well and quickly and amass large amounts of knowledge in short periods of time

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13
Q

Non-Western View of Intelligence (laypeople)

A

reflecting wisdom and judgement more than intellectual brilliance

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14
Q

Chinese View of Intelligence

A

those who are humble and perform actions for the greater good of society

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15
Q

The correlation between Binet and Simon’s findings was mostly _______

A

positive, one who got one item correct was more likely to get others correct

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16
Q

General Intelligence (g)

A

hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people

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17
Q

Who created “g” and “s”

A

Charles Spearman (1927)

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18
Q

g = ______-

A

strength of our mental engine, some people have more, some have less

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19
Q

What does g imply?

A

some people are just plain smarter than others

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20
Q

Specific Abilities (s)

A

particular ability (skill) level in a narrow domain

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21
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

the capacity to learn new ways to solve problems

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22
Q

What is an example of when we use fluid intelligence?

A

When we try to solve a new puzzle or operate a new vehicle for the first time

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23
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time

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24
Q

What is an example of when we use crystallized intelligence?

A

answering “What is the capital of Italy?”

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25
Q

____ abilities are more likely to decline with age than _____ abilities

A

Fluid; crystallized

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26
Q

Are fluid or crystallized more related to g?

A

fluid

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27
Q

Openness to experience is associated with…

A

crystallized intelligence

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28
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A

idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

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29
Q

Table 9.1

A
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30
Q

How many different intelligences did Gardner propose?

A

8 ranging from linguistic to spatial, and musical to interpersonal

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31
Q

Gardners proposed 9th intelligence:

A

Existential intelligence - ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas like the meaning of life

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32
Q

Why is Gardner’s model impossible to falsify?

A

he hasn’t developed formal tests to measure his intelligences

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33
Q

Triarchic Model

A

model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing 3 distinct types of intelligence: analytical (book smart), practical (street smart), creative

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34
Q

Analytical Intelligence

A

ability to reason logically, book smart, closely related to g

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35
Q

“g-ocentric” intelligence view

A

idea that school related intelligence is the only type of intelligence valued by psychologists

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36
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

ability to solve real-world problems, street smart, aka social intelligence (capacity to understand others)

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37
Q

Creative Intelligence

A

ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions

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38
Q

Brain size correlates with intelligence ____ species, but not within species

A

across (ie. snail vs. human)

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39
Q

Which region of the brain is activated with g?

A

prefrontal cortex

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40
Q

What is the correlation of self-estimating IQ?

A

0.2-0.3

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41
Q

Double Curse of Incompetence

A

idea that people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities

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42
Q

Metacognition

A

our knowledge of our own knowledge, plays a key role in intellectual overestimations

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43
Q

Who created the first intelligence test?

A

Binet and Simon

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44
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ Test (1916)

A

intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University

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45
Q

What questions does the Stanford-Binet test ask?

A

-vocabulary
-memory for pictures
-naming familiar objects
-repeating sentences
-following commands

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46
Q

Norms

A

baseline scores in the general population from which we can compare an individuals score (developed by Terman)

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47
Q

Norms are divided into…

A

age groups

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48
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence

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49
Q

Who developed the IQ formula?

A

Wilhelm Stern (1912)

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50
Q

Stern’s IQ Formula

A

divide mental age by chronological age and multiply the result by 100

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51
Q

Mental Age

A

age corresponding to the average individuals performance on an intelligence test

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52
Q

Chronological Age

A

actual age in years

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53
Q

What was the flaw in Stern’s formula?

A

mental age scores increase progressively in childhood but level out around age 16, while chronological age still increases (meaning everyones IQ would get lower)

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54
Q

Deviation IQ

A

expression of a person’s IQ relative to their same-aged peers

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55
Q

Deviation IQ solves…

A

the problem with Stern’s formula

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56
Q

Eugenics

A

movement in the early 20th century to improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing, or both

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57
Q

Two Disturbing practices brought on by the eugenics movement:

A
  1. US and Can passed laws to restrict immigration from “low” intelligence countries
  2. provinces passed laws requiring the sterilization of low-IQ individuals
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58
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities

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59
Q

David Wechsler who developed the WAIS test was…

A

classified as feeble minded by earlier flawed IQ tests

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60
Q

What kind of questions does the WAIS ask?

A

vocabulary, math, spatial ability, reasoning, general world knowledge, etc.

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61
Q

How is the WAIS scored?

A

a) overall IQ score
b) verbal comprehension
c) perceptual reasoning
d) working memory
e) processing speed

62
Q

Is the WAIS used for adults or children?

A

adults

63
Q

Which IQ tests are currently used for children?

A

WAIS for Children and the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

64
Q

Culture-Fair IQ Test

A

abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests

65
Q

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A

culture-fair IQ test used in GB that asks examinees to pick out geometrical patterns

66
Q

What is the correlation between SAT and college grades?

A

0-0.5, so almost no correlation

67
Q

Restriction of Range

A

correlations tend to go down when we limit the range of score on one or both variables

68
Q

Do standardized tests predict grades?

A

When we measure the full range of scores, yes

69
Q

Are IQ scores fixed?

A

no

70
Q

Reliability

A

consistency of measurement

71
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

extent which score measured multiple times are identical

72
Q

What is the exception to test-retest reliability and IQ?

A

prior to age 2 or 3 IQ tests aren’t stable over time

73
Q

Infants who habituate more quickly tend to have _____ IQs later in life

A

higher

74
Q

Validity

A

the extent which a test measures what it is supposed to

75
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

ability to relate to outcomes measured at the same time the test is administered

76
Q

Predictive Validity

A

test’s capacity to forecast future outcomes

77
Q

Threshold Effect of IQ

A

above a certain IQ level, intelligence is no longer predictive of acomplishments

78
Q

Bell Curve (measuring IQ)

A

distribution of scores in which the bulk of scores fall towards the middle, with progressively fewer scores towards the tails/extremes (low or high)

79
Q

__% of people have IQs between 70 and 130

A

95%

80
Q

Why is there a small bump on the curve with more low IQ scores?

A

assortative mating - tendency of individuals with similar genes to have children

81
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

82
Q

Gullibility

A

susceptibility to being duped by others, another criteria for intellectual disability

83
Q

Why do many individuals not classify as having an intellectual disability with age?

A

they begin to adapt to functions and acquire life-functioning skills

84
Q

What are the four categories of intellectual disability?

A

mild, moderate, severe, profound

85
Q

__% of individuals with an intellectual disability fall under the mild category

A

85%

86
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

common genetic condition associated with intellectual disability that is produced by an X chromosome mutation and Down syndrome

87
Q

If you score in the top __% of the IQ range you qualify for membership in Mensa

A

2%

88
Q

What did Terman’s Termites disprove?

A
  1. all child prodigies burnout in adulthood
  2. the link between genius and madness, his group had lower rates if mental illness and suicide
89
Q

Why were Terman’s results flawed?

A

there was no control group of lower IQ individuals

90
Q

Family Studies

A

allow us to examine the extent to which a trait “runs” or goes together in intact families

91
Q

What did Galton find when studying families?

A

the proportion of relatives who’d achieved intellectual greatness declined with increasing biological distance

92
Q

The correlation of IQ for siblings is ___ while for cousins it is 0.15

A

0.5

93
Q

Galton concluded that there is a correlation between intellectual greatness and ______

A

family

94
Q

What is the limitation of intellectual family ability studies?

A

doesn’t allow us to distinguish the effects of genetics and the environment

95
Q

Twin Studies

A

compares correlations in identical and fraternal twins

96
Q

Identical twin IQ correlation:

A

between 0.7-0.8

97
Q

Fraternal twin IQ correlation:

A

between 0.3-0.4

98
Q

In a study it was found that full-scale and performance intelligence was heritable while verbal intelligence was better explained by ________ factors

A

environmental

99
Q

Heritability of IQ may be lower in people who are ______________

A

below the poverty line

100
Q

The fact that twin correlation is less than 1.0 tells us _______ factors play a role

A

environmental

101
Q

Studies of twins raised apart showed intelligence correlations were ______ to those raised together

A

similar

102
Q

Adoption Studies

A

examine the extent to which children adopted into new homes resemble their adoptive vs. biological parents

103
Q

Selective placement

A

adoption agencies place children in homes similar to biological parents

104
Q

Children who come from deprived environments show an ______ in IQ when adopted into more enriched environments

A

increase

105
Q

Adoptive children tend to resemble their _______ parents IQ more

A

biological

106
Q

Social Environment

A

school and parents

107
Q

Biological Environment

A

availability of nutrients and exposure to toxic substances

108
Q

According to Zajonc, IQ ________ with increasing numbers of children in a family

A

declines

109
Q

Parents with lower IQs are slightly ____ likely to have more children

A

more

110
Q

Flynn Effect

A

finding that the average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points/decade

111
Q

What 4 environmental factors may account for the Flynn Effect?

A
  1. increased test sophistication
  2. increased complexity of the modern worlds (technology)
  3. better nutrition
  4. changes in homes and schools
112
Q

Individual Differences in IQ

A

How measured intelligence differs among people in a population

113
Q

Group Differences in IQ

A

differences within a population

114
Q

Emotional Reasoning Fallacy

A

tendency to judge the validity of an idea by our emotional reactions to it

115
Q

Some research has found that males have a ____ IQ than females, however most research has found no difference in the topic

A

higher

116
Q

Some research says males have more _____ IQ, that is more sit at the low or high ends of the bell curve

A

variable

117
Q

______ tend to be better at verbal tasks like spelling, writing, pronouncing words

A

females

118
Q

Verbal tasks may be tied to the female sex hormone ______

A

estrogen

119
Q

_______ tend to be better at math calculations in childhood

A

females

120
Q

_______ tend to be better at recognizing feelings in others

A

females

121
Q

Do females speak more than males?

A

No, it is about equal at 16 000 words/day

122
Q

______ tend to do better at tasks requiring spatial abilities like mental rotation tasks and geography

A

males

123
Q

Mental Rotation Tasks

A

require subjects to match a series of rotated blocks to a target block

124
Q

_____ tend to do better in math that requires complicated reasoning, but not till adolescence

A

males

125
Q

Differences in science and math abilities between genders may be entirely ______

A

environmental

126
Q

In the US, people of European ancestry tend to score higher on standard IQ tests with the exception of those with _____ ancestry

A

asian

127
Q

Ethnic IQ differences are largely _______ rather than genetic

A

environmental, when people with ethnic differences are placed on an even playing field, IQ differences disappear

128
Q

Within-group heritability

A

extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced

129
Q

Between-group heritability

A

extent to which the difference in a trait between groups is genetically influenced

130
Q

Within-group heritability _______ imply between-group heritability

A

doesn’t

131
Q

What is the heritability mistake researchers made when researching the correlation between ethnicity and IQ?

A

they mistakenly assumed that because IQ is heritable within a group, ethnic differences in IQ must be heritable

132
Q

IQ is determined by _____ but affected by cultures and ________

A

genes; environment

133
Q

Test Bias

A

tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another

134
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype ie. doing bad on a test because we think we are supposed to do bad

135
Q

Differences within are ______ than differences between

A

larger

136
Q

Two features of creativity:

A

novel and successful

137
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem

138
Q

Outside the box thinking =

A

divergent thinking

139
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem

140
Q

Most intelligent people aren’t very _______ and vice versa

A

creative

141
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our daily lives

142
Q

EQ

A

emotional quotient

143
Q

c______ and g______ are character traits needed for intellectual achievements

A

curiosity and grit

144
Q

curiosity is a potent predictor of a______ a________

A

academic achievement

145
Q

Grit

A

perseverance and passion are major elements

146
Q

____ predicts academic performance beyond __

A

Grit; iQ

147
Q

is being intelligence the same as being wise?

A

no

148
Q

Wisdom

A

application of intelligence toward a common good

149
Q

What interests have wise people learned to balance?

A

-self-interest
-concerns about others
-concerns about the broader society

150
Q

IQ tests _____ test scientific thinking ability

A

don’t

151
Q

Ideological Immune System

A

our psychological defences against evidence that contradicts our views

PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II (8 decks)

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