Chapter 9 - Intelligence and IQ Testing Flashcards
Child Prodigy
individual who displays astounding intellectual achievements at an early age
What does ‘IQ’ stand for?
intelligence quotient
According to Boring (1923) intelligence is…
whatever intelligence tests measure
What was Galton’s hypothesis?
Intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity, so people with better sensory capacities were more knowledgeable
What were the results of Galton’s findings?
Sensory capacities are only mildly correlated with each other and intelligence
Who developed the first intelligence test?
Binet and Simon in 1905
Intelligence Test
diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
What was involved in Binet and Simon’s intelligence test?
-naming objects
-generating meaning of words
-drawing pictures from memory
-completing incomplete sentences
-determining similarities between two objects
-constructing sentences from 3 words
What concept was involved in Binet and Simon’s test?
higher mental processes (reasoning, understanding, judgement)
Abstract Thinking
capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
What words we agreed to define intelligence in 1921?
-reason abstractly
-learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances
-acquire knowledge
-benefit from experience
Western View of Intelligence (laypeople)
capacity to reason well and quickly and amass large amounts of knowledge in short periods of time
Non-Western View of Intelligence (laypeople)
reflecting wisdom and judgement more than intellectual brilliance
Chinese View of Intelligence
those who are humble and perform actions for the greater good of society
The correlation between Binet and Simon’s findings was mostly _______
positive, one who got one item correct was more likely to get others correct
General Intelligence (g)
hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
Who created “g” and “s”
Charles Spearman (1927)
g = ______-
strength of our mental engine, some people have more, some have less
What does g imply?
some people are just plain smarter than others
Specific Abilities (s)
particular ability (skill) level in a narrow domain
Fluid Intelligence
the capacity to learn new ways to solve problems
What is an example of when we use fluid intelligence?
When we try to solve a new puzzle or operate a new vehicle for the first time
Crystallized Intelligence
accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
What is an example of when we use crystallized intelligence?
answering “What is the capital of Italy?”
____ abilities are more likely to decline with age than _____ abilities
Fluid; crystallized
Are fluid or crystallized more related to g?
fluid
Openness to experience is associated with…
crystallized intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
Table 9.1
How many different intelligences did Gardner propose?
8 ranging from linguistic to spatial, and musical to interpersonal
Gardners proposed 9th intelligence:
Existential intelligence - ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas like the meaning of life
Why is Gardner’s model impossible to falsify?
he hasn’t developed formal tests to measure his intelligences
Triarchic Model
model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing 3 distinct types of intelligence: analytical (book smart), practical (street smart), creative
Analytical Intelligence
ability to reason logically, book smart, closely related to g
“g-ocentric” intelligence view
idea that school related intelligence is the only type of intelligence valued by psychologists
Practical Intelligence
ability to solve real-world problems, street smart, aka social intelligence (capacity to understand others)
Creative Intelligence
ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions
Brain size correlates with intelligence ____ species, but not within species
across (ie. snail vs. human)
Which region of the brain is activated with g?
prefrontal cortex
What is the correlation of self-estimating IQ?
0.2-0.3
Double Curse of Incompetence
idea that people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities
Metacognition
our knowledge of our own knowledge, plays a key role in intellectual overestimations
Who created the first intelligence test?
Binet and Simon
Stanford-Binet IQ Test (1916)
intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University
What questions does the Stanford-Binet test ask?
-vocabulary
-memory for pictures
-naming familiar objects
-repeating sentences
-following commands
Norms
baseline scores in the general population from which we can compare an individuals score (developed by Terman)
Norms are divided into…
age groups
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
Who developed the IQ formula?
Wilhelm Stern (1912)
Stern’s IQ Formula
divide mental age by chronological age and multiply the result by 100
Mental Age
age corresponding to the average individuals performance on an intelligence test
Chronological Age
actual age in years
What was the flaw in Stern’s formula?
mental age scores increase progressively in childhood but level out around age 16, while chronological age still increases (meaning everyones IQ would get lower)
Deviation IQ
expression of a person’s IQ relative to their same-aged peers
Deviation IQ solves…
the problem with Stern’s formula
Eugenics
movement in the early 20th century to improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing, or both
Two Disturbing practices brought on by the eugenics movement:
- US and Can passed laws to restrict immigration from “low” intelligence countries
- provinces passed laws requiring the sterilization of low-IQ individuals
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities
David Wechsler who developed the WAIS test was…
classified as feeble minded by earlier flawed IQ tests
What kind of questions does the WAIS ask?
vocabulary, math, spatial ability, reasoning, general world knowledge, etc.
How is the WAIS scored?
a) overall IQ score
b) verbal comprehension
c) perceptual reasoning
d) working memory
e) processing speed
Is the WAIS used for adults or children?
adults
Which IQ tests are currently used for children?
WAIS for Children and the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Culture-Fair IQ Test
abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
culture-fair IQ test used in GB that asks examinees to pick out geometrical patterns
What is the correlation between SAT and college grades?
0-0.5, so almost no correlation
Restriction of Range
correlations tend to go down when we limit the range of score on one or both variables
Do standardized tests predict grades?
When we measure the full range of scores, yes
Are IQ scores fixed?
no
Reliability
consistency of measurement
Test-Retest Reliability
extent which score measured multiple times are identical
What is the exception to test-retest reliability and IQ?
prior to age 2 or 3 IQ tests aren’t stable over time
Infants who habituate more quickly tend to have _____ IQs later in life
higher
Validity
the extent which a test measures what it is supposed to
Concurrent Validity
ability to relate to outcomes measured at the same time the test is administered
Predictive Validity
test’s capacity to forecast future outcomes
Threshold Effect of IQ
above a certain IQ level, intelligence is no longer predictive of acomplishments
Bell Curve (measuring IQ)
distribution of scores in which the bulk of scores fall towards the middle, with progressively fewer scores towards the tails/extremes (low or high)
__% of people have IQs between 70 and 130
95%
Why is there a small bump on the curve with more low IQ scores?
assortative mating - tendency of individuals with similar genes to have children
Intellectual Disability
condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
Gullibility
susceptibility to being duped by others, another criteria for intellectual disability
Why do many individuals not classify as having an intellectual disability with age?
they begin to adapt to functions and acquire life-functioning skills
What are the four categories of intellectual disability?
mild, moderate, severe, profound
__% of individuals with an intellectual disability fall under the mild category
85%
Fragile X Syndrome
common genetic condition associated with intellectual disability that is produced by an X chromosome mutation and Down syndrome
If you score in the top __% of the IQ range you qualify for membership in Mensa
2%
What did Terman’s Termites disprove?
- all child prodigies burnout in adulthood
- the link between genius and madness, his group had lower rates if mental illness and suicide
Why were Terman’s results flawed?
there was no control group of lower IQ individuals
Family Studies
allow us to examine the extent to which a trait “runs” or goes together in intact families
What did Galton find when studying families?
the proportion of relatives who’d achieved intellectual greatness declined with increasing biological distance
The correlation of IQ for siblings is ___ while for cousins it is 0.15
0.5
Galton concluded that there is a correlation between intellectual greatness and ______
family
What is the limitation of intellectual family ability studies?
doesn’t allow us to distinguish the effects of genetics and the environment
Twin Studies
compares correlations in identical and fraternal twins
Identical twin IQ correlation:
between 0.7-0.8
Fraternal twin IQ correlation:
between 0.3-0.4
In a study it was found that full-scale and performance intelligence was heritable while verbal intelligence was better explained by ________ factors
environmental
Heritability of IQ may be lower in people who are ______________
below the poverty line
The fact that twin correlation is less than 1.0 tells us _______ factors play a role
environmental
Studies of twins raised apart showed intelligence correlations were ______ to those raised together
similar
Adoption Studies
examine the extent to which children adopted into new homes resemble their adoptive vs. biological parents
Selective placement
adoption agencies place children in homes similar to biological parents
Children who come from deprived environments show an ______ in IQ when adopted into more enriched environments
increase
Adoptive children tend to resemble their _______ parents IQ more
biological
Social Environment
school and parents
Biological Environment
availability of nutrients and exposure to toxic substances
According to Zajonc, IQ ________ with increasing numbers of children in a family
declines
Parents with lower IQs are slightly ____ likely to have more children
more
Flynn Effect
finding that the average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points/decade
What 4 environmental factors may account for the Flynn Effect?
- increased test sophistication
- increased complexity of the modern worlds (technology)
- better nutrition
- changes in homes and schools
Individual Differences in IQ
How measured intelligence differs among people in a population
Group Differences in IQ
differences within a population
Emotional Reasoning Fallacy
tendency to judge the validity of an idea by our emotional reactions to it
Some research has found that males have a ____ IQ than females, however most research has found no difference in the topic
higher
Some research says males have more _____ IQ, that is more sit at the low or high ends of the bell curve
variable
______ tend to be better at verbal tasks like spelling, writing, pronouncing words
females
Verbal tasks may be tied to the female sex hormone ______
estrogen
_______ tend to be better at math calculations in childhood
females
_______ tend to be better at recognizing feelings in others
females
Do females speak more than males?
No, it is about equal at 16 000 words/day
______ tend to do better at tasks requiring spatial abilities like mental rotation tasks and geography
males
Mental Rotation Tasks
require subjects to match a series of rotated blocks to a target block
_____ tend to do better in math that requires complicated reasoning, but not till adolescence
males
Differences in science and math abilities between genders may be entirely ______
environmental
In the US, people of European ancestry tend to score higher on standard IQ tests with the exception of those with _____ ancestry
asian
Ethnic IQ differences are largely _______ rather than genetic
environmental, when people with ethnic differences are placed on an even playing field, IQ differences disappear
Within-group heritability
extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
Between-group heritability
extent to which the difference in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
Within-group heritability _______ imply between-group heritability
doesn’t
What is the heritability mistake researchers made when researching the correlation between ethnicity and IQ?
they mistakenly assumed that because IQ is heritable within a group, ethnic differences in IQ must be heritable
IQ is determined by _____ but affected by cultures and ________
genes; environment
Test Bias
tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another
Stereotype Threat
fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype ie. doing bad on a test because we think we are supposed to do bad
Differences within are ______ than differences between
larger
Two features of creativity:
novel and successful
Divergent Thinking
capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
Outside the box thinking =
divergent thinking
Convergent Thinking
capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
Most intelligent people aren’t very _______ and vice versa
creative
Emotional Intelligence
ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our daily lives
EQ
emotional quotient
c______ and g______ are character traits needed for intellectual achievements
curiosity and grit
curiosity is a potent predictor of a______ a________
academic achievement
Grit
perseverance and passion are major elements
____ predicts academic performance beyond __
Grit; iQ
is being intelligence the same as being wise?
no
Wisdom
application of intelligence toward a common good
What interests have wise people learned to balance?
-self-interest
-concerns about others
-concerns about the broader society
IQ tests _____ test scientific thinking ability
don’t
Ideological Immune System
our psychological defences against evidence that contradicts our views
