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psyc 105 - introductory psychology ii > Chapter 13 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes

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2
Q

Research shows we believe that only _______ (not ourselves) are vulnerable to social influence.

A

others

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3
Q

____ is the approximate size of most social groups as suggested by Robin Dunbar

A

150

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4
Q

The need-to-belong theory says that…

A

humans have a biologically based needs for interpersonal connections

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5
Q

Social Comparison Theory says…

A

we evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

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6
Q

Upward Social Comparison

A

we compare ourselves with people who seem superior to us

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7
Q

Downward Social Comparison

A

compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us

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8
Q

Contagious yawning reflects _______ and theory of _______

A

empathy; mind

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9
Q

Mass Hysteria

A

outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion

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10
Q

Collective Delusions

A

event where many people become convinced of bizarre things that are false

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11
Q

Urban Legends

A

false stories that have been repeated so many times that people believe they are true

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12
Q

Attribution

A

process of assigning causes to behaviour

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13
Q

Internal Attribution Example

A

when we conclude Joe robbed a bank because he is impulsive

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14
Q

External Attribution Example

A

when we conclude Bill robbed a bank because his family is broke

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15
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (ie. personality traits or attitudes) on other peoples behaviour

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16
Q

______ is the cure to the Fundamental Attribution Error

A

empathy

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17
Q

We tend to only commit the fundamental attribution error when explaining others behaviour. Why?

A

we usually are aware of all the situational factors affecting us

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18
Q

Why are the Japanese and Chinese cultures less likely to be prone to the fundamental attribution error?

A

they are more likely to view behaviours within a context

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19
Q

Social Contagion

A

the spread of behaviours, attitudes, and affects through crowds

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20
Q

Conformity

A

tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure

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21
Q

What was the setup of Asch’s study on conformity?

A

8 participants are invited to a “study of perceptual judgement” where they’re asked to compare a standard line with 3 comparison lines. You have to say which of the 3 lines matches the standard line, but the other participants are actually confederates.

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22
Q

What were the confederates in Asch’s study?

A

undercover agents of the researcher who knowingly called out the incorrect line to see if the participant would follow

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23
Q

___% of the participants is Asch’s study conformed to the incorrect norm on at least one of the 12 trials.

A

75%

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24
Q

What 3 variables influence conformity?

A
  1. Unanimity
  2. Difference in the wrong answer
  3. Size
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25
Q

Unanimity

A

-If ALL confederates gave the wrong answer, the participant was more likely to conform
-If ONE confederate gave the correct the response, the level of conformity decreased by 3/4

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26
Q

Difference in the wrong answer

A

knowing someone else differed from the majority made the participant less likely to conform

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27
Q

Size of the group

A

size made a difference up to 5 or 6 confederates, people were no more likely to conform in a group of 10 vs. 5

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28
Q

When Asch asked participants to write their answers, they were correct more than ___% of the time proving perceptions of the lines was not an issue.

A

99%

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29
Q

In Berns’ study using an fMRI scanner where he asked participants to mentally rotate objects to determine if they were the same alongside other “participants,” it was found that their conforming behaviour was associated with activity in which part of the brain?

A

amygdala, also parietal and occipital lobes

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30
Q

The amygdala triggers an anxiety response when faced with _______ cues

A

danger

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31
Q

People with low _________ are especially prone to conformity

A

self-esteem

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32
Q

______ are more likely to conform than North Americans due to their collectivist culture.

A

Asians

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33
Q

Deindividuation

A

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities

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34
Q

What 2 factors contribute to deindividuation?

A
  1. Feelings on anonymity
  2. Lack of individual responsibility
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35
Q

Flaming

A

sending insulting messages to others

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36
Q

What study did Zimbardo conduct?

A

A study into the question of whether ordinary people assuming the roles of prisoner and guard would also assume the identities assigned to them.

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37
Q

What happening in Zimbardo’s study?

A

-Day 1: the guards began to subject the prisoners to harsh punishments
-Day 2: the prisoners mounted a rebellion that was shut down by the guards violently

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38
Q

What signs of distress did the prisoners show?

A

depression, hopelessness, anger

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39
Q

Because Zimbardo’s study wasn’t carefully controlled, it was considered more of a __________ than an experiment

A

demonstration

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40
Q

Groupthink

A

emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

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41
Q

Cults

A

group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

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42
Q

4 Ways Cults Promotes Groupthink:

A
  1. having a persuasive leader who foster loyalty
  2. disconnecting members from the outside world
  3. discouraging questioning of the group’s assumptions
  4. establishing training to indoctrinate members
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43
Q

Studies show that most cult members are _________, while leaders usually suffer from ______________.

A

normal; mental illness

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44
Q

Misconceptions about cults:

A
  1. members are emotionally disturbed
  2. members are brainwashed
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45
Q

Inoculation Effect

A

approach to convincing people to change their mind about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective may be correct, then debunking those reasons

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46
Q

Obedience

A

adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

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47
Q

The Milgram Paradigm of Obedience

A

Study using a participant and a confederate where the confederate acts as the student and the participant the teacher, who is to deliver shocks to the student when they answer incorrectly at the discretion of ‘‘Mr. Williams”

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48
Q

Milgram’s results showed ___% of participants went all the way to 450 volts, displaying complete compliance and all participants administered at least some shocks

A

62%

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49
Q

In the Milgram study, __________ distance decreased obedience

A

psychological distance (ie. when orders were given via telephone)

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50
Q

In the Milgram study, the greater the psychological distance, the _________ the obedience of the teacher

A

greater

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51
Q

Kholberg found that level or morality negatively correlated with compliance meaning…

A

more morally advanced participants were willing to defy the experimenter

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52
Q

People with high levels of the ______________ trait are more likely to comply with the experimenter

A

authoritarianism

53
Q

The bonobo is more of a model for _________ behaviour

A

prosocial

54
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

behaviour intended to help others - helping, love, reconciliation

55
Q

The chimpanzee is more of a model for _________ behaviour

A

antisocial

56
Q

Antisocial Behaviour

A

agressive acts

57
Q

Bystander Apathy

A

not responding to an incident because you don’t care

58
Q

Bystander Effect

A

psychological paralysis leaving people frozen and helpless

59
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

60
Q

The more people present at an emergency, the ____ each personal feels responsible for the negative consequences of not helping

A

less

61
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

62
Q

People are more likely to offer help when they are…

A

alone rather than in a group 90% of the time

63
Q

Social Loafing

A

phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

64
Q

Social loafing occurs in part to __________ of _______

A

diffusion of responsibility

65
Q

Why is group brainstorming less effective than individual brainstorming?

A
  1. Members may be anxious about being evaluated by others
  2. Social loafing - sit back and let others do the work
66
Q

Altruism

A

helping others for unselfish reasons

67
Q

Egoistic

A

self-centered, makes altruism ungenuine because we are only helping others to help ourselves usually

68
Q

________ increases the odds we will help others

A

empathy

69
Q

People are more likely to help when…

A

-they can’t easily escape the situation
-someone collapses on the subway rather than the sidewalk
-personal characteristics influence (ie. person with cane vs. drunk person)
-they are not in a hurry
-they are extroverted vs. introverted
-less traditional
-they are trained for emergencies

70
Q

Enlightenment Effect

A

learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better

71
Q

People who are less traditional and care less about _______ approval are more likely to help

A

social

72
Q

Aggression

A

behaviour intended to harm others, verbally or physically

73
Q

Interpersonal Provocation

A

we’re more likely to show aggression to someone who has provoked us

74
Q

Frustration _________ agressive behaviour

A

increases

75
Q

Being exposed to media violence increases the probability…

A

humans will show agression

76
Q

Aggressive Cues

A

like guns or knives make us more likely to act violently when provoked

77
Q

Arousal by the ANS makes us more likely to act…

A

violently

78
Q

Why do alcohol and drugs make us more likely to exhibit violence?

A

they can disinhibit our prefrontal cortex and lower our inhibitions to violent behaviour, but only when we are directly threatened

79
Q

________ temperatures increase irritability and thus aggression

A

warm

80
Q

How do personality traits influence violence?

A

people with high levels of negative emotions are more prone to violence

81
Q

________ are more likely to exhibit violent behaviours

A

males (especially when it comes to revenge)

82
Q

Does testosterone cause aggression?

A

Maybe: it could cause aggression or maybe aggression causes higher testosterone

83
Q

Relational Aggression

A

form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation

84
Q

Boys have higher rates of ________ than girls

A

bullying

85
Q

Aggression is less prevalent in _______ cultures

A

Asian

86
Q

Culture of Honour

A

a social norm of defending ones reputation, common in Southern USA that may explain violence that arises from disputes

87
Q

Belief

A

a conclusion regarding factual evidence

88
Q

Attitude

A

belief that includes an emotional component

89
Q

What is the correlation between attitudes and behaviours?

A

0.38

90
Q

Attitudes tend to predict our behaviour because they are accessible meaning…

A

they come to mind easily

91
Q

Recognition Heuristic

A

makes us more likely to believe something we’ve hear many times

92
Q

Compared to liberals, conservatives tend to have a larger _______, a brain region liked to threat

A

amygdala

93
Q

Religiosity

A

depth our religious convictions

94
Q

Adolescents with high levels of ____________ are more likely to be deeply religious adults

A

conscientiousness

95
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

unpleasant mental experience of tension from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

96
Q

The cognitive dissonance theory is a model of…

A

attitude change

97
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory: If we have tension between two conflicting thoughts (A and B) we can reduce the anxiety by changing cognition A, changing cognition B, or introducing a ____ cognition C

A

new

98
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours

99
Q

Impression Management Theory

A

theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes

100
Q

The dual process models of persuasion involve two pathways 1) the _______ route and 2) the ________ route

A

central and peripheral

101
Q

The Central Route

A

where we focus on the informational content about the arguments to evaluate

102
Q

The attitudes we acquire via the central route are ___________ held and relatively enduring

A

strongly

103
Q

The Peripheral Route

A

where we response to arguments on the basis of snap judgements by focusing on the surface aspects of the arguments

104
Q

The attitudes we acquire via the peripheral route are ____________ and unstable

A

weaker

105
Q

Foot-in-the-door persuasion technique

A

persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one

106
Q

Door-in-the-face persuasion technique

A

persuasive technique involving making an unreasonable large request before making a small request we are hoping to have granted

107
Q

Lowball Persuasion Technique

A

persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the “add on” costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product

108
Q

But-you-are-free persuasion technique

A

persuasive technique in which we convince someone to perform a favour for us by telling them they are free not to do it

109
Q

Implicit Egotism Effect

A

the finding the we are more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us

110
Q

Creation of a “phantom” goal

A

pseudoscience technique where marketers capitalize on desires to accomplish unrealistic objectives

111
Q

Vivid testimonials

A

pseudoscience technique where marketers get you to learn about someone else’s personal experience to influence you

112
Q

Manufacturing source credibility

A

pseudoscience technique where we are more likely to believe sources that we judge to be trustworthy or legitimate

113
Q

Prejudice

A

drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence

114
Q

Stereotype

A

a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

115
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error

A

assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their initial dispositions

116
Q

Adaptive Conservatism - “better safe than sorry”

A

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

117
Q

In-Group Bias

A

tendency to favour individuals within our group over those outside our group

118
Q

Out-Group Homegeneity

A

tendency to view all individuals outside of our group as highly similar

119
Q

Discrimination

A

negative behaviour toward members of out-groups

120
Q

Scapegoat Hypothesis

A

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

121
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A

claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

122
Q

Explicit Prejudice

A

unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristic of an out-group

123
Q

Implicit Prejudice

A

unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

124
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

researchers ask participants to press a key with their left hand if they see a black person or a positive word and a key with their right hand if they see a white person or a negative word and then switch (black is negative and white is positive)

125
Q

What did the IAT show?

A

White participants respond faster when black people are associated with negative words

126
Q

The Robbers Cave Study showed we can reduce prejudice by…

A

encouraging groups to work together toward a shared higher purpose

127
Q

Jigsaw Classrooms

A

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project

128
Q

The minimal intergroup paradigm is a lab method for…

A

creating groups based on arbitrary differences

psyc 105 - introductory psychology ii (8 decks)

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