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PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II > Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopathology

A

mental illness

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2
Q

Failure Analysis Approach

A

researchers examine breakdowns in adaptation to help them understand healthy functioning

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3
Q

5 Criteria for Mental Disorders

A
  1. Statistical Rarity
  2. Subjective Distress
  3. Impairment
  4. Biological Dysfunction
  5. ..
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4
Q

Statistical Rarity

A

uncommon in the population; however, many mental illnesses are quite common

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5
Q

Subjective Distress

A

not all psychological disorders generate distress

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6
Q

Impairment

A

most disorders don’t interfere with ability to function during everyday life, some conditions produce impairment but aren’t mental disorders

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7
Q

Biological Dysfuntion

A

disorder via failure of physiological systems

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8
Q

Family Resemblance View of Mental Disorders

A

idea that mental disorders don’t all have just one thing in common, but have some similar features

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9
Q

Demonic Model

A

middle ages view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil sprits infesting the body

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10
Q

Malleus Malleficarum

A

released in 1486, manual to assist in identifying witches

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11
Q

Medical Model

A

view of mental illness as caused by a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

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12
Q

Asylums

A

institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century

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13
Q

Moral Treatment

A

approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness

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14
Q

Chlopromazine (Thorazine)

A

medication used to treat schizophrenia symptoms and related disorders

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15
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

governmental polity in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

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16
Q

Culture Bound

A

characteristic that certain conditions are specific to one or more societies

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17
Q

Koro

A

Condition where victims believe their penis/testicles/breasts are disappearing and receding into their abdomen

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18
Q

Amok

A

condition marked by intense episodes of sadness and brooding followed by uncontrolled behaviour and attacks on people or animals

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19
Q

Arctic Hysteria

A

abrupt episode followed by extreme excitement and convulsive seizures and coma

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20
Q

Gururumba

A

theft and later deposit of neighbours possessions in the forest and then amnesia of the entire episode

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21
Q

Couvade Syndrome

A

expectant fathers sympathetic labour pains, food cravings, nausea, even breast growth, even a sympathetic belly lump

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22
Q

Hwa-byung

A

abdominal pain caused by emotional distress

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23
Q

Evil Eye

A

term to describe the cause of disease, misfortune, and social disruption

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24
Q

Saora Disorder

A

inappropriate laughing or crying, fainting, memory loss, sensation you are being bitten by ants

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25
Q

Windigo

A

craving consumption of human flesh and fear of becoming a cannibal

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26
Q

Misconception 1 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric Diagnosis is nothing more then pigeonholing

A

-it is not sorting people into different boxes or depriving them of their uniqueness

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27
Q

A diagnosis implies that all people with the same diagnosis are alike in at least ____ respect

A

one

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28
Q

Misconception 2 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric Diagnoses are Unreliable

A

-interrater reliability: extent to which different psychologists agree on a diagnoses
-fuelled by media coverage of duelling expert witnesses

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29
Q

The reality is that many mental disorders have high ________ reliability (0.8 or above)

A

interrater

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30
Q

Misconception 3 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid

A

thought to be useless because they don’t provide us with any new information

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31
Q

What makes a diagnoses valid?

A

-it distinguishes from other diagnoses
-predicts performance on lab tests
-predicts family history
-predicts natural history
-predicts response to treatment

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32
Q

Natural History

A

what tends to happen over time

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33
Q

Misconception 4 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric Diagnoses Stigmatize People

A

exert negative effects of perceptions and behaviours

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34
Q

Labelling Theorists

A

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effect on people’s perceptions and behaviours

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35
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

(DSM) diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association criteria for mental disorders

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36
Q

DSM warns of physical/organic/medically induced conditions that can stimulate psychological disorders. An example is:

A

Hypothyroidism that can produce depressive symptoms

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37
Q

Prevalence

A

% of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

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38
Q

DSM adopts a biopsychosocial approach meaning…

A

it acknowledges the interplay of biological, social, and psychological influences

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39
Q

DSM has a high level of comorbidity among its diagnoses meaning…

A

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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40
Q

Categorical Model

A

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree (ie. it is either present or absent, no inbetween)

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41
Q

Dimensional Model

A

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

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42
Q

Mental Disorder Defence

A

legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of sound mind when committing them

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43
Q

Involuntary Commitment

A

procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves

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44
Q

Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory

A

(MMPI) widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders

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45
Q

Empirical Method of Test Constructions

A

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them

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46
Q

Face Validity

A

extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

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47
Q

________ disorders are among the most prevalent of mental disorders

A

anxiety

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48
Q

What is the average age of onset for anxiety disorders?

A

11

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49
Q

What is the average age of onset for substance use disorders?

A

20

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50
Q

What is the average age of onset for mood disorders?

A

30

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51
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin

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52
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder (similar to hypochondriasis)

A

an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that they have a serious physical disease

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53
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

(GAD) continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of functioning

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54
Q

People with GAD spend ___% of each day worrying

A

60%

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55
Q

The general population spends ___% of each day worrying on average

A

18%

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56
Q

GAD Symptoms

A

-anxious thoughts
-irritability
-on edge
-insomnia
-bodily tension and fatigue

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57
Q

____ of GAD victims develop it after a major stressful event like illness or death

A

1/3

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58
Q

More _______ have GAD

A

females

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59
Q

Panic Attacks

A

brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feeling of impending death or going crazy

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60
Q

Panic Disorder

A

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them

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61
Q

Panic Attack Symptoms

A

-sweating
-dizziness
-light-headedness
-racing/pounding heart
-shortness of breath
-feelings of unreality
-fears of going crazy or dying

62
Q

Some people having a panic attack think they are having a…

A

heart attack

63
Q

Panic attacks can be seen in…

A

anxiety, mood, and eating disorders

64
Q

Phobia

A

intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

65
Q

______ are the most common of all anxiety disorders

A

phobias

66
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack

67
Q

Most people with a _______ disorder develop agoraphobia

A

panic

68
Q

Kayak Angst

A

condition of some Indigenous people in Greenland of going out to sea in a kayak

69
Q

Specific Phobias

A

intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

70
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

71
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

marked emotional disturbances after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event

72
Q

What is the hallmark symptom of PTSD?

A

flashbacks

73
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A

-flashbacks
-avoiding things associated with trauma
-dreams
-increased arousal
-startling easy
-insomnia

74
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

75
Q

Obsession

A

persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

76
Q

Compulsions

A

repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress

77
Q

Catastrophizing is a core feature of _______

A

anxiety

78
Q

Anxiety Sensitivity

A

fear of anxiety-related sensations

79
Q

Genes influence ______ levels making anxiety, PTSD, OCD, panic disorders, and phobias genetically linked

A

neuroticism

80
Q

Some children with OCD and anxiety meet the criteria for…

A

Tourette’s disorder

81
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

82
Q

Manic Episode

A

-inflated self-esteem
-decreased need for sleep
-talkative
-racing thoughts
-distractibility
-increased activity or agitation
-involvement in pleasurable, problematic activities

83
Q

Bipolar Disorder I

A

presence of one or more manic episodes

84
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthmia)

A

low level depression for at least 2years, feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, hopelessness

85
Q

The Behavioural Model for Depression proposes that depression results from a low rate of…

A

response contingent positive reinforcement

86
Q

Cognitive Model of Depression

A

theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations

87
Q

Elements of the Cognitive Model of Depression (3):

A

negative view of:
-oneself
-world
-future

88
Q

Depressive Realism

A

idea that individuals with mild depression have a more accurate view of circumstances

89
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

90
Q

Persons prone to depression attribute failure to ________ rather than _________ factors and success to vice versa

A

internal rather than external

91
Q

Genes exert a _________ effect on the risk of moderate depression

A

moderate

92
Q

Depression is linked to low levels of which neurotransmitter that lead to reduced hippocampus size?

A

norepinephrine (and dopamine)

93
Q

Bipolar disorder is _______ common in both sexes

A

equally

94
Q

______ _____ is one of the most genetically influenced mental disorder

A

bipolar disorder

95
Q

Bipolar disorder heritability may be as high as ___%

A

85%

96
Q

Genes that increase _________ receptor sensitivity and decrease _______ receptor sensitivity may boost the risk of bipolar disorder.

A

dopamine; serotonin

97
Q

Major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with a high risk of _______

A

suicide

98
Q

Suicide rate of those with bipolar disorder is __x higher than the general population

A

15

99
Q

More ______ die by suicide than females

A

males

100
Q

Over ___% of suicide victims suffer from mental illness

A

90%

101
Q

What is the best predictor of suicide? Why?

A

a previous attempt - 30-40% of suicide deaths made at least one prior attempt

102
Q

Women are __x more likely to have depression than men

A

2x

103
Q

Which psychiatric condition is the least reliably diagnosed?

A

personality disorders

104
Q

Personality Disorder

A

condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situation, and lead to distress or impairment

105
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

106
Q

__% of adults, mostly _______ have BPD

A

2%; female

107
Q

Borderline personality disorder symptoms:

A

-impulsive
-unpredictable
-drug use
-sexual promiscuity
-over eating
-self harm
-manipulation of others
-feelings of abandonment when alone
-difficulty regulating emotions

108
Q

Kernberg traced BPD to childhood problems with developing emotional bonds and a sense of ______

A

self

109
Q

Psychopathic Personality (formally psychopath or sociopath)

A

condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness, risk taking

110
Q

Psychopathic personality is not listed in…

A

DSM-5

111
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (in DSM-5 and overlaps with psychopathic personality)

A

condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions

112
Q

Most people with psychopathic personalities are ____

A

male

113
Q

Psychopathic Personality Traits

A

-guiltless
-dishonest
-manipulative
-callous
-self-centred
-deficit in fear
also
-charming
-personable
-engaging

114
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

lying, cheating, stealing

115
Q

People with psychopathic personalities aren’t motivated to learn from ______ and often repeat the same mistakes

A

punishment

116
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

117
Q

Depersonalization

A

sense you are living outside your body and living from the perspective of an outsider

118
Q

Derealization

A

sense that the external world is strange or unreal

119
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization

120
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information-most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

121
Q

Dissociative Fuge

A

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events

122
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour

123
Q

________ are more likely to receive a DID diagnosis

A

women

124
Q

Schizophrenia

A

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with the loss of contact with reality

125
Q

Compared to DID, schizophrenia has _____ personality that is shattered

A

one

126
Q

Schizophrenia onset: ____ 20s for males and ____ 20s for females

A

mid; late

127
Q

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia the individual must have ____ symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

A

1/3

128
Q

Delusions

A

strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality

129
Q

Psychotic Symptoms

A

psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality

130
Q

Hallucinations

A

sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus - may be auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or visual

131
Q

Visual hallucinations are usually signs of a medical disorder or _____ ______ rather than schizophrenia

A

substance abuse

132
Q

Word Salad

A

schizophrenic speech as described by psychologists

133
Q

Catatonic Symptom

A

motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in fetal position

134
Q

Echlalia

A

repeat a phrase in conversation like a parrot

135
Q

Schizophrenia patients are more likely to relapse when their relatives display high expressed emotion meaning…

A

they are overly critical, hostile, and involved

136
Q

_________ are typically enlarged in schizophrenia victims

A

brain ventricles (which usually expand when other brain regions shrink hmmm….)

137
Q

Schizophrenia Brain Anomalies:

A

-reduced sulci size
-temporal lobe size reduction
-amygdala and hippocampus size reduction
-unsymmetrical

138
Q

Hypofrontality

A

under active frontal lobes when engaged in demanding mental tasks

139
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

indirect evidence that dopamine is related to schizophrenia: 1) anti-schizophrenic drugs block dopamine receptor sits 2) amphetamine which blocks dopamine re-uptake tends to worsen schizophrenia

140
Q

As genetic similarity increases, so does the risk of ___________

A

schizophrenia

141
Q

Diathesis-stress Model

A

perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger vulnerability

142
Q

Early Schizophrenia Markers:

A

-social withdrawal
-thought and movement abnormalities
-learning and memory deficits
-elevated neuroticism
-temporal lobe abnormalities
-impaired attention
-eye movement disturbances

143
Q

Waxy Flexibility

A

schizophrenic symptom of being able to hold limbs in any position for a lengthened period of time

144
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder

145
Q

Autism Deficits

A

-language
-social bonding
-imagination
-intellectual impairment

146
Q

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity, and activity

147
Q

3x more ______ have ADHD

A

males

148
Q

ADHD can be categorized by hyperactivity or without hyperactivity (________ in dominant)

A

inattention

149
Q

ADHD Symptoms

A

early:
-fussy
-cry incessantly
-move and shift in crib
by age 3:
-walking or climbing constantly
-restless
-prone to emotional outbursts
elementary age:
-can’t remain in seat, follow instructions, or pay attention
-temper tantrums
-boor balance or coordination
-learning disability
middle childhood:
-academic problems
-disruptive behaviour

150
Q

ADHD is very _________ influenced, as high as 0.8 heritability

A

gentically

151
Q

ADHD gene abnormalities may account for:

A

-issues with serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
-smaller brain volume
-decreased frontal brain activation

152
Q

Disruptive Mood Disregulation Disorder

A

new category added to DSM-5 that addresses concerns about overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in children with irritability and behaviour outbursts

PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II (8 decks)

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