Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Psychopathology
mental illness
Failure Analysis Approach
researchers examine breakdowns in adaptation to help them understand healthy functioning
5 Criteria for Mental Disorders
- Statistical Rarity
- Subjective Distress
- Impairment
- Biological Dysfunction
- ..
Statistical Rarity
uncommon in the population; however, many mental illnesses are quite common
Subjective Distress
not all psychological disorders generate distress
Impairment
most disorders don’t interfere with ability to function during everyday life, some conditions produce impairment but aren’t mental disorders
Biological Dysfuntion
disorder via failure of physiological systems
Family Resemblance View of Mental Disorders
idea that mental disorders don’t all have just one thing in common, but have some similar features
Demonic Model
middle ages view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil sprits infesting the body
Malleus Malleficarum
released in 1486, manual to assist in identifying witches
Medical Model
view of mental illness as caused by a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
Asylums
institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century
Moral Treatment
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
Chlopromazine (Thorazine)
medication used to treat schizophrenia symptoms and related disorders
Deinstitutionalization
governmental polity in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
Culture Bound
characteristic that certain conditions are specific to one or more societies
Koro
Condition where victims believe their penis/testicles/breasts are disappearing and receding into their abdomen
Amok
condition marked by intense episodes of sadness and brooding followed by uncontrolled behaviour and attacks on people or animals
Arctic Hysteria
abrupt episode followed by extreme excitement and convulsive seizures and coma
Gururumba
theft and later deposit of neighbours possessions in the forest and then amnesia of the entire episode
Couvade Syndrome
expectant fathers sympathetic labour pains, food cravings, nausea, even breast growth, even a sympathetic belly lump
Hwa-byung
abdominal pain caused by emotional distress
Evil Eye
term to describe the cause of disease, misfortune, and social disruption
Saora Disorder
inappropriate laughing or crying, fainting, memory loss, sensation you are being bitten by ants
Windigo
craving consumption of human flesh and fear of becoming a cannibal
Misconception 1 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric Diagnosis is nothing more then pigeonholing
-it is not sorting people into different boxes or depriving them of their uniqueness
A diagnosis implies that all people with the same diagnosis are alike in at least ____ respect
one
Misconception 2 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric Diagnoses are Unreliable
-interrater reliability: extent to which different psychologists agree on a diagnoses
-fuelled by media coverage of duelling expert witnesses
The reality is that many mental disorders have high ________ reliability (0.8 or above)
interrater
Misconception 3 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
thought to be useless because they don’t provide us with any new information
What makes a diagnoses valid?
-it distinguishes from other diagnoses
-predicts performance on lab tests
-predicts family history
-predicts natural history
-predicts response to treatment
Natural History
what tends to happen over time
Misconception 4 of Psychiatric Diagnoses: Psychiatric Diagnoses Stigmatize People
exert negative effects of perceptions and behaviours
Labelling Theorists
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effect on people’s perceptions and behaviours
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association criteria for mental disorders
DSM warns of physical/organic/medically induced conditions that can stimulate psychological disorders. An example is:
Hypothyroidism that can produce depressive symptoms
Prevalence
% of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
DSM adopts a biopsychosocial approach meaning…
it acknowledges the interplay of biological, social, and psychological influences
DSM has a high level of comorbidity among its diagnoses meaning…
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
Categorical Model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree (ie. it is either present or absent, no inbetween)
Dimensional Model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
Mental Disorder Defence
legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of sound mind when committing them
Involuntary Commitment
procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves
Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
Empirical Method of Test Constructions
approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
Face Validity
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
________ disorders are among the most prevalent of mental disorders
anxiety
What is the average age of onset for anxiety disorders?
11
What is the average age of onset for substance use disorders?
20
What is the average age of onset for mood disorders?
30
Somatic Symptom Disorder
condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
Illness Anxiety Disorder (similar to hypochondriasis)
an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that they have a serious physical disease
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD) continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of functioning
People with GAD spend ___% of each day worrying
60%
The general population spends ___% of each day worrying on average
18%
GAD Symptoms
-anxious thoughts
-irritability
-on edge
-insomnia
-bodily tension and fatigue
____ of GAD victims develop it after a major stressful event like illness or death
1/3
More _______ have GAD
females
Panic Attacks
brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feeling of impending death or going crazy
Panic Disorder
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
Panic Attack Symptoms
-sweating
-dizziness
-light-headedness
-racing/pounding heart
-shortness of breath
-feelings of unreality
-fears of going crazy or dying
Some people having a panic attack think they are having a…
heart attack
Panic attacks can be seen in…
anxiety, mood, and eating disorders
Phobia
intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
______ are the most common of all anxiety disorders
phobias
Agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
Most people with a _______ disorder develop agoraphobia
panic
Kayak Angst
condition of some Indigenous people in Greenland of going out to sea in a kayak
Specific Phobias
intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
Social Anxiety Disorder
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
marked emotional disturbances after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
What is the hallmark symptom of PTSD?
flashbacks
PTSD Symptoms
-flashbacks
-avoiding things associated with trauma
-dreams
-increased arousal
-startling easy
-insomnia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsession
persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
Compulsions
repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
Catastrophizing is a core feature of _______
anxiety
Anxiety Sensitivity
fear of anxiety-related sensations
Genes influence ______ levels making anxiety, PTSD, OCD, panic disorders, and phobias genetically linked
neuroticism
Some children with OCD and anxiety meet the criteria for…
Tourette’s disorder
Major Depressive Episode
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
Manic Episode
-inflated self-esteem
-decreased need for sleep
-talkative
-racing thoughts
-distractibility
-increased activity or agitation
-involvement in pleasurable, problematic activities
Bipolar Disorder I
presence of one or more manic episodes
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthmia)
low level depression for at least 2years, feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, hopelessness
The Behavioural Model for Depression proposes that depression results from a low rate of…
response contingent positive reinforcement
Cognitive Model of Depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
Elements of the Cognitive Model of Depression (3):
negative view of:
-oneself
-world
-future
Depressive Realism
idea that individuals with mild depression have a more accurate view of circumstances
Learned Helplessness
tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control
Persons prone to depression attribute failure to ________ rather than _________ factors and success to vice versa
internal rather than external
Genes exert a _________ effect on the risk of moderate depression
moderate
Depression is linked to low levels of which neurotransmitter that lead to reduced hippocampus size?
norepinephrine (and dopamine)
Bipolar disorder is _______ common in both sexes
equally
______ _____ is one of the most genetically influenced mental disorder
bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder heritability may be as high as ___%
85%
Genes that increase _________ receptor sensitivity and decrease _______ receptor sensitivity may boost the risk of bipolar disorder.
dopamine; serotonin
Major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with a high risk of _______
suicide
Suicide rate of those with bipolar disorder is __x higher than the general population
15
More ______ die by suicide than females
males
Over ___% of suicide victims suffer from mental illness
90%
What is the best predictor of suicide? Why?
a previous attempt - 30-40% of suicide deaths made at least one prior attempt
Women are __x more likely to have depression than men
2x
Which psychiatric condition is the least reliably diagnosed?
personality disorders
Personality Disorder
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situation, and lead to distress or impairment
Borderline Personality Disorder
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
__% of adults, mostly _______ have BPD
2%; female
Borderline personality disorder symptoms:
-impulsive
-unpredictable
-drug use
-sexual promiscuity
-over eating
-self harm
-manipulation of others
-feelings of abandonment when alone
-difficulty regulating emotions
Kernberg traced BPD to childhood problems with developing emotional bonds and a sense of ______
self
Psychopathic Personality (formally psychopath or sociopath)
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness, risk taking
Psychopathic personality is not listed in…
DSM-5
Antisocial Personality Disorder (in DSM-5 and overlaps with psychopathic personality)
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
Most people with psychopathic personalities are ____
male
Psychopathic Personality Traits
-guiltless
-dishonest
-manipulative
-callous
-self-centred
-deficit in fear
also
-charming
-personable
-engaging
Conduct Disorder
lying, cheating, stealing
People with psychopathic personalities aren’t motivated to learn from ______ and often repeat the same mistakes
punishment
Dissociative Disorder
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
Depersonalization
sense you are living outside your body and living from the perspective of an outsider
Derealization
sense that the external world is strange or unreal
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization
Dissociative Amnesia
inability to recall important personal information-most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
Dissociative Fuge
sudden, unexpected travel away from home or workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour
________ are more likely to receive a DID diagnosis
women
Schizophrenia
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with the loss of contact with reality
Compared to DID, schizophrenia has _____ personality that is shattered
one
Schizophrenia onset: ____ 20s for males and ____ 20s for females
mid; late
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia the individual must have ____ symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
1/3
Delusions
strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality
Psychotic Symptoms
psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
Hallucinations
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus - may be auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or visual
Visual hallucinations are usually signs of a medical disorder or _____ ______ rather than schizophrenia
substance abuse
Word Salad
schizophrenic speech as described by psychologists
Catatonic Symptom
motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in fetal position
Echlalia
repeat a phrase in conversation like a parrot
Schizophrenia patients are more likely to relapse when their relatives display high expressed emotion meaning…
they are overly critical, hostile, and involved
_________ are typically enlarged in schizophrenia victims
brain ventricles (which usually expand when other brain regions shrink hmmm….)
Schizophrenia Brain Anomalies:
-reduced sulci size
-temporal lobe size reduction
-amygdala and hippocampus size reduction
-unsymmetrical
Hypofrontality
under active frontal lobes when engaged in demanding mental tasks
Dopamine Hypothesis
indirect evidence that dopamine is related to schizophrenia: 1) anti-schizophrenic drugs block dopamine receptor sits 2) amphetamine which blocks dopamine re-uptake tends to worsen schizophrenia
As genetic similarity increases, so does the risk of ___________
schizophrenia
Diathesis-stress Model
perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger vulnerability
Early Schizophrenia Markers:
-social withdrawal
-thought and movement abnormalities
-learning and memory deficits
-elevated neuroticism
-temporal lobe abnormalities
-impaired attention
-eye movement disturbances
Waxy Flexibility
schizophrenic symptom of being able to hold limbs in any position for a lengthened period of time
Autism Spectrum Disorder
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder
Autism Deficits
-language
-social bonding
-imagination
-intellectual impairment
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity, and activity
3x more ______ have ADHD
males
ADHD can be categorized by hyperactivity or without hyperactivity (________ in dominant)
inattention
ADHD Symptoms
early:
-fussy
-cry incessantly
-move and shift in crib
by age 3:
-walking or climbing constantly
-restless
-prone to emotional outbursts
elementary age:
-can’t remain in seat, follow instructions, or pay attention
-temper tantrums
-boor balance or coordination
-learning disability
middle childhood:
-academic problems
-disruptive behaviour
ADHD is very _________ influenced, as high as 0.8 heritability
gentically
ADHD gene abnormalities may account for:
-issues with serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
-smaller brain volume
-decreased frontal brain activation
Disruptive Mood Disregulation Disorder
new category added to DSM-5 that addresses concerns about overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in children with irritability and behaviour outbursts
