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PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II > Chapter 10 - Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

study of how behaviour and mental processes change over the lifespan

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2
Q

Post Hoc Fallacy

A

false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused the event

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3
Q

What does it mean to say development is “bidirectional”?

A

experiences influence development but development also influences experiences

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4
Q

Environmental Factors (nurture)

A

the things surrounding an individual that alter their trajectory (ie. nutrition, resources, opportunities)

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5
Q

Genetic Factors (nature)

A

predetermined factors that alter life trajectory (ie. height, hair colour, disease)

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6
Q

Unidirectional Explanations

A

those that attempt to explain development from a one-headed arrow (→ vs. ⇆)

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7
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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8
Q

What do cross-sectional designs not control for?

A

the cohort effect

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9
Q

Cohort Effects

A

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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10
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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11
Q

Longitudinal design solves the _______ effect problem

A

cohort

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12
Q

Externalizing Behaviours

A

breaking rules, defying authority figures, committing crimes

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13
Q

Attrition

A

participants drop out of the study before it is completed

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14
Q

________ is a problem of longitudinal designs

A

attrition

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15
Q

Why can’t we use longitudinal designs to infer cause-and-effect relationships?

A

they aren’t experimental designs

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16
Q

Life experiences influences brain and behaviour throughout the _______

A

lifespan

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17
Q

What are the two myths of development?

A

1.infant determinism
2. childhood fragility

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18
Q

Infant Determinism

A

the widespread assumption that early experiences are more influential than later experiences

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19
Q

Childhood Fragility

A

holds that children are delicate little creatures that are easily damaged

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20
Q

Gene-Environment Interactions

A

the impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment in which the behaviour develops

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21
Q

Nature via Nurture

A

genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particular environments, leading to a mistaken appearance of purely natural effects

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22
Q

Gene Expression

A

some genes only “turn on” in response to specific environmental events

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23
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A

an enzyme which in low production may heighten the risk for violent criminal behaviour

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24
Q

Prenatal

A

prior to birth

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25
Q

When does the human body acquire basic form and structure?

A

prenatal period

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26
Q

When do the most dramatic prenatal changes occur?

A

in the earliest stages of development

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27
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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28
Q

Germinal Stage

A

zygote begins to divide and double forming a blastocyst

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29
Q

Blastocyst

A

ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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30
Q

When do cells begin to differentiate?

A

middle of the second week

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31
Q

What does the blastocyst become after cellular differentiation?

A

embryo

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32
Q

Embryo

A

second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs take form

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33
Q

What stage of fetal development does the heart begin to beat?

A

9th week

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34
Q

Fetal stage is the point where the embryo becomes a _______

A

fetus

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35
Q

Fetus

A

period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change

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36
Q

The final 1/3 of pregnancy is all about “_________ up”

A

bulking

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37
Q

The human brain begins to develop ___ days after fertilization

A

18

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38
Q

Most organs are completely formed by birth, except for the ____

A

brain

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39
Q

Proliferation

A

period between 18th day and 6th month where neurons develop at an astronomical rate

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40
Q

When do neurons start to sort themselves out and move to their final position in the brain?

A

starting at 4 months

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41
Q

What are 3 ways fetal development can be disrupted?

A
  1. exposure to hazardous environmental influences
  2. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors during cell division
  3. premature birth
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42
Q

Most females don’t realize they are pregnant until after…

A

fetal body and brain development have started

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43
Q

Teratogen

A

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

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44
Q

Examples of teratogens…

A

drugs, alcohol, chicken pox, x-rays

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45
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

A

condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, delays in physical growth, facial malformations, behavioural disorders

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46
Q

__ of every 1000 births in Canada are diagnosed with FASD

A

9

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47
Q

Mothers who smoke or use recreational drugs are more likely to deliver ___________ babies

A

low birth weight

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48
Q

Low birth weight = less than ___ lbs

A

5.5

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49
Q

Average birth weight = ____ lbs

A

7.5

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50
Q

Low birth weight poses risk for…

A

death, infection, developmental disorders

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51
Q

Genetic disorders

A

random errors in cell divison

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52
Q

Full term baby = __ weeks or ___ months

A

40 weeks or 9.5 months

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53
Q

Premature babies are born earlier than __ weeks

A

36

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54
Q

Viability Point

A

point where infants can usually survive on their own

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55
Q

What is the viability point?

A

25 weeks

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56
Q

Reflexes

A

automatic motor behaviours infants are born with

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57
Q

Sucking Reflex

A

automatic response to oral stimulation

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58
Q

Motor Behaviours

A

bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-irritated force that moves bones and muscles

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59
Q

Sitting without support __ months

A

6

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60
Q

Crawling __ months

A

9

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61
Q

Standing __ months

A

11

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62
Q

Cruising __ months

A

12

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63
Q

Walking without assistance __ months

A

13

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64
Q

Running ___ to ___ months

A

18-24

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65
Q

Mini growth spurts occur every 30 to __ days from ages 3 to 16

A

55

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66
Q

Adolescence

A

the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage yearss

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67
Q

Testosterone in Males

A

muscle tissue increase, growth of facial and body hair, broadening of shoulders

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68
Q

Estrogen in Females

A

breast growth, uterine and vaginal maturation, hip broadening, onset of menstruation

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69
Q

What change results in greater strength and endurance in males?

A

changes in lung function and circulation

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70
Q

Puberty

A

achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

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71
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals

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72
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement and deepening of voices

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73
Q

Menarche

A

onset of mentruration

74
Q

Spermarch

A

first ejaculation by males

75
Q

Menopause

A

the termination of menstruation, marking the end of a females reproductive potential

76
Q

Symptoms of Menopause

A

-hot flashes
-dry mouth
-mood swings
-disrupted sleep
-loss of sex drive

77
Q

Cognitive Development

A

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate, reason, and remember

78
Q

In what 3 ways do cognitive developmental theories differ?

A
  1. stage like vs. continuous changes
  2. domain specific vs. domain general
  3. view of principle source of learning
79
Q

Domain-General

A

cross-cutting changes in cognitive skills that affect all areas of cognitive function at once

80
Q

Domain Specific

A

cognitive skills develop independently at different rates across different domains such as reasoning, language, and counting

81
Q

Who was the first psychologist to present a comprehensive account of cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget

82
Q

What did Piaget show?

A

-children’s understanding of the world is different from adults
-children are active learners rather than passive observers

83
Q

Was Piaget a stage or continuous theorist?

A

stage

84
Q

Piaget believed children’s development was marked by _________ in thinking at stages followed by periods where the understanding of the world stabilizes.

A

reorganizations

85
Q

What did Piaget believe to be the “end point” in cognitive development?

A

achieving the ability to reason logically about hypothetical problems

86
Q

Are Piagets stages domain general or domain specific?

A

domain general

87
Q

Equlibriation

A

idea proposed by Piaget that cognitive change maintains a balance between our experiences and thoughts about the world

88
Q

What two processes does Piaget suggest children use to keep their thinking in tune with their experiences?

A

assimilation and accomodation

89
Q

Assimilation

A

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into our current knowledge structures

90
Q

Children use assimilation to acquire new knowledge _____ a stage

A

within

91
Q

Accomodation

A

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

92
Q

How many stages are in Piaget’s stages of development?

A

4

93
Q

What age does the Sensorimotor stage range from?

A

birth to 2 years

94
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

95
Q

What is the major milestone in the sensorimotor stage?

A

mental representation

96
Q

Mental Representation

A

the ability to think about things that are absent from immediate surroundings

97
Q

Object Permanence

A

lacking in the sensorimotor stage - the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

98
Q

Deferred Imitation

A

lacking in the sensorimotor stage - the ability to perform an action observed earlier

99
Q

From what ages does the pre-operational stage last?

A

ages 2 to 7

100
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them

101
Q

Children in the preoperational stage are hampered by _________

A

egocentrism

102
Q

Egocentrism

A

inability to see the world from others’ perspectives

103
Q

Children in the preoperational stage can’t perform mental ___________

A

operations (transformations)

104
Q

Conservation Tasks

A

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

105
Q

Mental operation ability is tested by _________ tasks

A

conservation

106
Q

From what ages does the concrete operations stage last?

A

age 7 to 11

107
Q

Concrete Operations Stage

A

ability to perform mental operations on physical events only

108
Q

From what ages does the formal operations stage last?

A

11 years to adulthood

109
Q

Formal Operations Stage

A

ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond here and now

110
Q

In the formal operations stage children understand if-____ statements and either-__ statements

A

if-then; either-or

111
Q

Con of Piaget’s Stages: much of development is __________ rather than stage-like and less ________

A

continuous; general

112
Q

Horizontal Décalage

A

term Piaget used for when a child was more advanced in one domain over another

113
Q

Piaget’s methods were _________ biased

A

culturally, only used responses from children in Western societies

114
Q

Vygotsky was interested in how ______ and ________ factors influence learning

A

social and cultural

115
Q

Scaffolding

A

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

116
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

identified by Vygotsky as a phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

117
Q

The Mozart Effect

A

the supposed enhancement in intelligence after listening to classical music

118
Q

Theory of Mind

A

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

119
Q

The frontal lobe responsible for planning, decision making, and impulse control doesn’t fully develop until…

A

early adulthood

120
Q

Personal Fable

A

teenagers’ feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out of a story others are watching

121
Q

Many aspects of cognitive function __________ with age

A

decline

122
Q

Which areas of the brain are age-related decline pronounced in?

A

cortex and hippocampus (memory)

123
Q

Free recall declines with age, but ______ recall and recognition remain intact.

A

cued recall

124
Q

Adults remember material relevant to their __________ lives over random word lists.

A

everyday

125
Q

Older adults perform better on __________ and knowledge tests

A

vocabulary

126
Q

__________ intelligence stays the same or increases with age

A

crystallized

127
Q

Stranger Anxiety aka _ month anxitety

A

a fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months of age

128
Q

Temperament

A

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

129
Q

_____ infants are adaptable and relaxed (40% of babies)

A

Easy

130
Q

______ infants are fussy and easily frustrated (10% of babies)

A

Difficult

131
Q

____________ infants are disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjust (15% of babies)

A

slow-to-warm-up

132
Q

Behavioural Inhibition

A

infants who become frightened at the sight of new stimuli

133
Q

Attachment

A

the strong emotional connection we share with those whom we feel closest

134
Q

Contact Comfort

A

positive emotions afforded by touch

135
Q

The Strange Situation

A

lab procedure for examining 1 year old’s reaction to separation from their attachment figures

136
Q

Secure attachment (60% of infants)

A

infant reacts to departure by becoming upset and greets their return with joy

137
Q

Secure Base

A

rock-solid source of support to turn to in times of trouble

138
Q

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (15-20% of infants)

A

reacts with indifference and shows little reaction to their return

139
Q

Insecure-Anxious Attachment (15-20% of infants)

A

reacts to departure with panic and shows mixed-emotions upon return

140
Q

Disorganized Attachment (5-10% of infants)

A

later added style where children react to departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses

141
Q

Infants with a secure attachment style grow up to be…

A

more well adjusted, helpful, and empathetic

142
Q

Infants with an anxious attachment style grow up to be…

A

more likely to be disliked and mistreated by peers

143
Q

Mono-operation Bias

A

drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

144
Q

The Strange Situation is not very ______

A

reliable - consistency with measurement

145
Q

More than ___% of children display a different attachment style with their mother than their father

A

40%

146
Q

Child-centred aka “soft” parenting

A

parents should be highly responsive to child needs

147
Q

Parent-centred aka “hard” parenting

A

parents don’t reinforce children’s calls for attentions

148
Q

Permissive Parenting Style

A

-lenient with children
-allow freedom in and out of household
-use discipline sparingly
-shower children with affection

149
Q

Authoritarian Parenting Style

A

-strict with children
-little opportunity for freedom
-punish when don’t respond to demands
-show little affection

150
Q

Authoritative Parenting Style

A

supportive but set clear and firm limits

151
Q

Uninvolved Parenting Style

A

-ignore children
-pay no attention to positive or negative behaviours

152
Q

Average Expectable Environment

A

environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

153
Q

Harris’s Group Socialization Theory

A

says that environmental transmission is horizontal (from children to other children) rather than vertical (from parents to children)

154
Q

When parents experience mild conflict before the divorce, the effects of the divorce are more ______

A

severe

155
Q

Sex

A

biological status as male or female

156
Q

Gender

A

psychological characteristics - behaviours, thoughts, emotions

157
Q

Gender Identity

A

individuals sense of being male, female, or other

158
Q

Gender Role

A

a set of behaviours that tend to be associated with being a man or woman

159
Q

Identity

A

our sense of self, who we are, and our life goals and priorities

160
Q

Psychological Crisis

A

a dilemma concerning an individuals relations to others

161
Q

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Human Development

A

shows growth from womb to tomb

162
Q

Stage 1 - Infancy

A

trust vs. mistrust - general security, optimism, and trust in others

163
Q

Stage 2 - Toddlerhood

A

autonomy vs. shame and doubt - sense of independence and self-reliance

164
Q

Stage 3 - Early Childhood

A

initiative vs. guilt - initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment

165
Q

Stage 4 - Middle Childhood

A

industry vs. inferiority - enjoyment and mastery of tasks in and out of school

166
Q

Stage 5 - Adolescence

A

identity vs. role confusion - stable and satisfying sense of role and direction

167
Q

Stage 6 - Young Adulthood

A

intimacy vs. isolation - ability to maintain intimate personal relationships

168
Q

Stage 7 - Adulthood

A

generativity vs. stagnation - satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in others and the world

169
Q

Stage 8 - Aging

A

ego integrity vs. despair - adjusting and recognizing aging and the prospect of death with satisfaction about the past

170
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

period between age 18 and 25 where many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified

171
Q

Objective Responsibility

A

way to evaluate people based on how much harm they have done

172
Q

Subjective Responsibility

A

way to evaluate people based on their intentions to produce harm

173
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

stage marked by a focus on punishment and reward

174
Q

Conventional Morality

A

stage marked by a focus on societal values

175
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

stage marked by a focus on internal moral principles that transcend society

176
Q

Kohlberg’s Work on Morality is Biased by…

A

-Culture: assumes people pass through his levels no matter culture
-Sex: scheme unfairly favours men
-Low correlation with moral behaviour
-Confound with verbal intelligence
-Causal direction: assumes moral reasoning precedes our emotional reactions

177
Q

Midlife Crisis

A

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

178
Q

Empty-Nest Syndrome

A

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from home

179
Q

Biological Age

A

estimate of age in terms of biological functioning

180
Q

Psychological Age

A

persons mental attitudes and agility

181
Q

Functional Age

A

ability to function in given roles in society

182
Q

Social Age

A

whether people behave in accord with the social behaviours appropriate for their age

PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II (8 decks)

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