Chapter 16 - Psychological and Biological Treatments Flashcards
Psychotherapy
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve their quality of life
_________ are more likely to seek psychological treatment
women
Racial and ethnic minorities are ______ likely to seek mental health services than White Canadians
less
Paraprofessionals
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
Effective therapists are…
warm, direct, establish positive working relationships
Clinical Psychologist
Ph. D./Psy. D., M.A. - works in private practice, hospitals, schools, community, medical, or academic settings
Psychiatrist
M.D. or D.O. - physicians, private practice, hospitals, medical, or academic settings
Counselling Psychologist
Ph.D, Ed.D, M.A., M.S., M.C. - works in university clinics, mental health centres, academic settings
School Psychologist
Ph.D.,Psy.D, Ed.D, Ed.S., M.A., M.S., M.Ed. - works in schools, assessment, prevention programs, teachers, students, and parents
Psychodynamic Therapies
treatments inspired by classical psychoanalysis and influenced by Freud’s techniques
Insight Therapies
psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
Humanistic Therapies
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
3 Shared Beliefs of Psychodynamic Therapists:
- believe cause of abnormal behaviours stems from traumatic childhood experiences
- strive to analyze avoided feelings, fantasies, life patterns, past events, and relationships
- believe that insight into unconscious material unlocks the cause of symptoms
What is the goal of psychoanalysis according to Freud?
decrease guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious
Free Association
technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort
Interpretation
explanations of the unconscious bases of dreams, beliefs, and behaviours
Dream Analysis
task is to determine the relation of the dream to the clients life - and symbolic significance
Resistance
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
Transference
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings
Working Through
process of tackling problems head on
Individuation (Jung)
the integration of opposing aspects of the personality into a harmonious self
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions
IPT has proven effective in treating…
depression, substance abuse, eating disorders
Person-Centred Therapy
therapy centring on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems
How do person-centred therapists ensure a positive outcome?
- therapist is authentic, genuine, and reveals their own reactions
- expression of unconditional positive regard
- shows empathetic understanding
How can you use reflection to communicate empathy?
mirror the clients feelings
Motivational interviewing is helpful in treating ______-related problems
alcohol
Gestalt Therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
Gestalt
an organized whole
Group Therapy
therapy that treats more than one person at a time
Self-help Groups
don’t include a mental health professional and are composed of peers who share a similar problem
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
a self-help program based on 12 steps that provides social support for achieving sobriety
____% of people drop out of AA in the first 3 months
68%
The AA philosophy…
revolves around the idea of a higher power controlling our behaviours
The Behavioural View of Alcoholism…
assumes drinking is a learned behaviour
Controlled Drinking
drinking in moderation
Abstinence Violation Effect
idea that negative feelings about a slip can lead to continued drinking
Relapse Prevention
assumes people will have a slip and teaches them not to feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged
Strategic Family Interventions
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
Directives
planned tasks that shift how families solve problems and interact
Structural Family Therapy
treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions
Behavioural Therapists
therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
Ecological Momentary Assessment
assessment of thoughts emotions, and behaviours that arise in the moment in situations in which they occur in everyday life
Why are ecological momentary assessments used?
to increase awareness of frequency and circumstances surrounding a behaviour and assist in assessment and treatment planning
Systematic Desensitization
patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
Exposure Therapy
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
Reciprocal inhibition says with SD, clients can’t experience two conflicting responses __________
simultaneously (ie. relaxation inhibits anxiety)
Counterconditioning
by pairing a relaxation response with anxiety we condition a more adaptive response to anxiety arousing stimuli
Therapists begin SD by teaching the client how to ______
relax
Second with SD, the therapist and client construct an anxiety hierarchy which is…
a ladder of situations that climbs from least to most anxiety provoking
What does the therapist do if the client experiences anxiety during the SD?
stops and helps them relax again
In Vivo SD
inserting the client in real situations with gradual exposure to fears
Dismantling
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
Flooding Therapy involves…
jumping to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and exposing the client to what they fear the most for long periods of time
When is flooding often used?
anxiety disorders - OCS, social phobia, PTSD, agoraphobia
Response Prevention
technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours
When is response prevention often used?
OCD
Thought Field Therapy
client thinks of a distressing problem while the therapist taps predetermined parts on their body while the client hum “the Star-Spangled Banner”
Participant Modelling
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
Modelling and social skills (assertion and behaviour reversal training) are good at treating…
schizophrenia, autism, depression, ADHD, social anxiety
Token Economy
method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that the clients exchange for rewards
Aversion Therapies
treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies
treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
CBT share the assumptions that:
- Cognitions are identifiable and measurable
- Cognitions are the key players in unhealthy and healthy functioning
- Irrational beliefs can be replaced
Rational Emotional Behaviour Therapy
a CBT approach that emphasizes changing how we think and act
REBT - What is A?
the activating event
REBT - What is C?
the range of emotional and behavioural consequences
REBT - What is B?
our belifs
REBT - What is D?
disputing their irrational beliefs
REBT - What is E?
adopting more effective beliefs
Cognitive Therapy
emphasizes identifying and modifying distorted thoughts and long held negative core beliefs
Cognitive therapy is useful for…
depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia
First Wave Therapies
behaviour based
Second Wave Therapies
cognitively based
Third Wave Therapies
acceptance and mindfulness
Meta-Analysis
analysis of analysis - helps researchers interpret large bodies of psychological literature
Spontaneous Remission
when the clients recovery has nothing to do with treatment
Placebo Effect
recovery on the basis of believing you are recovering
Self-Serving Bias
those who puts lot of work into something falsely believe they are being helped because it is too troubling to admit wasted resources
Regression to the mean
extreme scores are less extreme on retesting
Retrospective Rewriting of the past
we believe we’ve improved because we misjudged how we were before
Nonspecific Factors
those that cut across most therapies and are responsible for improvement
Specific Factors
characterize certain therapies (ie. exposure and social skills training)
Empirically Supported Treatment (EST)
intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
Psychopharmacotherapy
use of medication to treat psychological problems
What so selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil do?
boost serotonin levels
Anxiolytic
anti-anxiety drugs
What do Benzodiazepines like diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and lorazepam (Ativan) do to treat anxiety?
they increase the efficiency of GABA binding to receptor sites
What does Buspirone (Buspar) do to treat anxiety?
stabilizes serotonin levels
What do Beta blockers like atenolol (Tenormin) and propranolol (Ideral) do to treat anxiety?
they compete with norepi at receptor sites and control heart and muscle function
What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) do to treat depression?
inhibit dopamine and the action of enzymes that metabolize norepi and serotonin
What do cyclic antidepressants do?
inhibit norepi and serotonin reuptake
How do mineral salts stabilize mood?
decrease noradrenaline and increase serotonin
How do anticonvulsant medication stabilize mood?
increase GABA and inhibit norepi reuptake
What do conventional antipsychotics do?
block postsynaptic dopamine receptors
What do serotonin-dopamine antagonists do for antipsychotic effects?
block serotonin and/or dopamine and affect norepi and ACh
What do medications for attentional probelms do?
-release norepi, serotonin, dopamine in frontal brain regions
-selectively inhibit norepi reuptake
Electroconvulsive Therapy
patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems (usually depression)
Psychosurgery
brain surgery to treat psychological problems
