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PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II > Chapter 16 - Psychological and Biological Treatments > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Psychological and Biological Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

Psychotherapy

A

a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve their quality of life

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2
Q

_________ are more likely to seek psychological treatment

A

women

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3
Q

Racial and ethnic minorities are ______ likely to seek mental health services than White Canadians

A

less

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4
Q

Paraprofessionals

A

person with no professional training who provides mental health services

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5
Q

Effective therapists are…

A

warm, direct, establish positive working relationships

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6
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

Ph. D./Psy. D., M.A. - works in private practice, hospitals, schools, community, medical, or academic settings

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7
Q

Psychiatrist

A

M.D. or D.O. - physicians, private practice, hospitals, medical, or academic settings

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8
Q

Counselling Psychologist

A

Ph.D, Ed.D, M.A., M.S., M.C. - works in university clinics, mental health centres, academic settings

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9
Q

School Psychologist

A

Ph.D.,Psy.D, Ed.D, Ed.S., M.A., M.S., M.Ed. - works in schools, assessment, prevention programs, teachers, students, and parents

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10
Q

Psychodynamic Therapies

A

treatments inspired by classical psychoanalysis and influenced by Freud’s techniques

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11
Q

Insight Therapies

A

psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight

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12
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A

therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

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13
Q

3 Shared Beliefs of Psychodynamic Therapists:

A
  1. believe cause of abnormal behaviours stems from traumatic childhood experiences
  2. strive to analyze avoided feelings, fantasies, life patterns, past events, and relationships
  3. believe that insight into unconscious material unlocks the cause of symptoms
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14
Q

What is the goal of psychoanalysis according to Freud?

A

decrease guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious

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15
Q

Free Association

A

technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort

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16
Q

Interpretation

A

explanations of the unconscious bases of dreams, beliefs, and behaviours

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17
Q

Dream Analysis

A

task is to determine the relation of the dream to the clients life - and symbolic significance

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18
Q

Resistance

A

attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses

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19
Q

Transference

A

projecting intense, unrealistic feelings

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20
Q

Working Through

A

process of tackling problems head on

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21
Q

Individuation (Jung)

A

the integration of opposing aspects of the personality into a harmonious self

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22
Q

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A

treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions

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23
Q

IPT has proven effective in treating…

A

depression, substance abuse, eating disorders

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24
Q

Person-Centred Therapy

A

therapy centring on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems

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25
Q

How do person-centred therapists ensure a positive outcome?

A
  1. therapist is authentic, genuine, and reveals their own reactions
  2. expression of unconditional positive regard
  3. shows empathetic understanding
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26
Q

How can you use reflection to communicate empathy?

A

mirror the clients feelings

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27
Q

Motivational interviewing is helpful in treating ______-related problems

A

alcohol

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28
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

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29
Q

Gestalt

A

an organized whole

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30
Q

Group Therapy

A

therapy that treats more than one person at a time

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31
Q

Self-help Groups

A

don’t include a mental health professional and are composed of peers who share a similar problem

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32
Q

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

A

a self-help program based on 12 steps that provides social support for achieving sobriety

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33
Q

____% of people drop out of AA in the first 3 months

A

68%

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34
Q

The AA philosophy…

A

revolves around the idea of a higher power controlling our behaviours

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35
Q

The Behavioural View of Alcoholism…

A

assumes drinking is a learned behaviour

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36
Q

Controlled Drinking

A

drinking in moderation

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37
Q

Abstinence Violation Effect

A

idea that negative feelings about a slip can lead to continued drinking

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38
Q

Relapse Prevention

A

assumes people will have a slip and teaches them not to feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged

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39
Q

Strategic Family Interventions

A

family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication

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40
Q

Directives

A

planned tasks that shift how families solve problems and interact

41
Q

Structural Family Therapy

A

treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

42
Q

Behavioural Therapists

A

therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

43
Q

Ecological Momentary Assessment

A

assessment of thoughts emotions, and behaviours that arise in the moment in situations in which they occur in everyday life

44
Q

Why are ecological momentary assessments used?

A

to increase awareness of frequency and circumstances surrounding a behaviour and assist in assessment and treatment planning

45
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner

46
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

47
Q

Reciprocal inhibition says with SD, clients can’t experience two conflicting responses __________

A

simultaneously (ie. relaxation inhibits anxiety)

48
Q

Counterconditioning

A

by pairing a relaxation response with anxiety we condition a more adaptive response to anxiety arousing stimuli

49
Q

Therapists begin SD by teaching the client how to ______

A

relax

50
Q

Second with SD, the therapist and client construct an anxiety hierarchy which is…

A

a ladder of situations that climbs from least to most anxiety provoking

51
Q

What does the therapist do if the client experiences anxiety during the SD?

A

stops and helps them relax again

52
Q

In Vivo SD

A

inserting the client in real situations with gradual exposure to fears

53
Q

Dismantling

A

research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment

54
Q

Flooding Therapy involves…

A

jumping to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and exposing the client to what they fear the most for long periods of time

55
Q

When is flooding often used?

A

anxiety disorders - OCS, social phobia, PTSD, agoraphobia

56
Q

Response Prevention

A

technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours

57
Q

When is response prevention often used?

A

OCD

58
Q

Thought Field Therapy

A

client thinks of a distressing problem while the therapist taps predetermined parts on their body while the client hum “the Star-Spangled Banner”

59
Q

Participant Modelling

A

technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted

60
Q

Modelling and social skills (assertion and behaviour reversal training) are good at treating…

A

schizophrenia, autism, depression, ADHD, social anxiety

61
Q

Token Economy

A

method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that the clients exchange for rewards

62
Q

Aversion Therapies

A

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours

63
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies

A

treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions

64
Q

CBT share the assumptions that:

A
  1. Cognitions are identifiable and measurable
  2. Cognitions are the key players in unhealthy and healthy functioning
  3. Irrational beliefs can be replaced
65
Q

Rational Emotional Behaviour Therapy

A

a CBT approach that emphasizes changing how we think and act

66
Q

REBT - What is A?

A

the activating event

67
Q

REBT - What is C?

A

the range of emotional and behavioural consequences

68
Q

REBT - What is B?

A

our belifs

69
Q

REBT - What is D?

A

disputing their irrational beliefs

70
Q

REBT - What is E?

A

adopting more effective beliefs

71
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

emphasizes identifying and modifying distorted thoughts and long held negative core beliefs

72
Q

Cognitive therapy is useful for…

A

depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia

73
Q

First Wave Therapies

A

behaviour based

74
Q

Second Wave Therapies

A

cognitively based

75
Q

Third Wave Therapies

A

acceptance and mindfulness

76
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

analysis of analysis - helps researchers interpret large bodies of psychological literature

77
Q

Spontaneous Remission

A

when the clients recovery has nothing to do with treatment

78
Q

Placebo Effect

A

recovery on the basis of believing you are recovering

79
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

those who puts lot of work into something falsely believe they are being helped because it is too troubling to admit wasted resources

80
Q

Regression to the mean

A

extreme scores are less extreme on retesting

81
Q

Retrospective Rewriting of the past

A

we believe we’ve improved because we misjudged how we were before

82
Q

Nonspecific Factors

A

those that cut across most therapies and are responsible for improvement

83
Q

Specific Factors

A

characterize certain therapies (ie. exposure and social skills training)

84
Q

Empirically Supported Treatment (EST)

A

intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence

85
Q

Psychopharmacotherapy

A

use of medication to treat psychological problems

86
Q

What so selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil do?

A

boost serotonin levels

87
Q

Anxiolytic

A

anti-anxiety drugs

88
Q

What do Benzodiazepines like diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and lorazepam (Ativan) do to treat anxiety?

A

they increase the efficiency of GABA binding to receptor sites

89
Q

What does Buspirone (Buspar) do to treat anxiety?

A

stabilizes serotonin levels

90
Q

What do Beta blockers like atenolol (Tenormin) and propranolol (Ideral) do to treat anxiety?

A

they compete with norepi at receptor sites and control heart and muscle function

91
Q

What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) do to treat depression?

A

inhibit dopamine and the action of enzymes that metabolize norepi and serotonin

92
Q

What do cyclic antidepressants do?

A

inhibit norepi and serotonin reuptake

93
Q

How do mineral salts stabilize mood?

A

decrease noradrenaline and increase serotonin

94
Q

How do anticonvulsant medication stabilize mood?

A

increase GABA and inhibit norepi reuptake

95
Q

What do conventional antipsychotics do?

A

block postsynaptic dopamine receptors

96
Q

What do serotonin-dopamine antagonists do for antipsychotic effects?

A

block serotonin and/or dopamine and affect norepi and ACh

97
Q

What do medications for attentional probelms do?

A

-release norepi, serotonin, dopamine in frontal brain regions
-selectively inhibit norepi reuptake

98
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems (usually depression)

99
Q

Psychosurgery

A

brain surgery to treat psychological problems

PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II (8 decks)

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