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PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II > Chapter 14 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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2
Q

Traits

A

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations

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3
Q

What 3 influences on personality to behaviour-genetic methods help psychologists disentangle?

A
  1. Genetic factors
  2. Shared environmental factors
  3. Non-shared environmental factors
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4
Q

Genetic Factors on Personality

A

regardless how how and by whom we are raised, our personalities are linked to our biological parents genes

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5
Q

Shared Environmental Factors on Personality

A

some experiences make individuals in the same family more alike ie. both children showered in affection

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6
Q

Non-Shared Environmental Factors on Personality

A

some experiences in a family make individuals less alike ie. one child showered in affection over the other

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7
Q

Birth order influence on personality: First-borns tend toward ___________, Middle-borns toward ________, Later-borns toward _____ ______

A

achievement, diplomacy, risk-taking

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8
Q

Later-borns are more likely to _________ revolutionary ideas

A

favour

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9
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A

scientific approach that seeks out general principles in nature, rather than principles specific to an individual

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10
Q

Idiographic Approach

A

scientific approach that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experience within a person

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11
Q

All the identical twin personality correlations are less than 1.0, meaning __________ environment plays an important role in personality.

A

non-shared

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12
Q

____________ twins reared apart are far more similar in personality that _________ twins

A

identical; fraternal

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13
Q

Identical twins reared apart are very _________ in personality with identical twins together

A

similar

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14
Q

Shared environment plays ______ or ___ role in adult personality

A

little or no

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15
Q

Molecular Genetic Studies

A

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits

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16
Q

Molecular Genetic Studies Rest on the Two Premises that:

A
  1. Genes code for proteins and influence NT functioning (ie. dopamine and serotonin)
  2. The functioning of NTs is influences by many personality traits
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17
Q

Freud believed mental disorders were caused by ______________ rather than physiological factors

A

psychological

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18
Q

Sigmund Freud created the ______________ Theory

A

Psychoanalytic

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19
Q

What did the psychoanalytic theory explain?

A

what caused mental disorders

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20
Q

Psychoanalysis was the treatment Freud developed for…

A

mental disorders

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21
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory rests on 3 assumptions:

A
  1. Psychic determinism
  2. Symbolic meaning
  3. Unconscious motivation
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22
Q

Psychic Determinism

A

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause (ie. dreams, neurotic symptoms, slips of the tongue)

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23
Q

Symbolic Meaning

A

Freudian belief that no action is meaningless

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24
Q

Unconscious Motivation

A

Freudian belief that we rarely understand why we do what we do, even though we generally have an explanation after the fact

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25
Q

The Freudian View of the Mind is linked to an _______

A

iceberg (tip is our conscious contact with the world, underneath lies the unconscious brain)

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26
Q

What 3 components make up the Freudian human psyche?

A

ID, ego, subego

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27
Q

ID

A

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression

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28
Q

The ID operates via the pleasure principle which is…

A

the tendency of the ID to strive for immediate gratification

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29
Q

Superego

A

our sense or morality

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30
Q

Ego

A

psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

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31
Q

The tasks of the ego are to find ways to resolve the competing demands of the ____ and superego

A

ID

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32
Q

Reality Principle (governs the ego)

A

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

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33
Q

Your psyche interacts harmoniously but agendas may __________

A

collide = psychological distress

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34
Q

Freud believed dreams are wish fulfillments meaning…

A

they are expressions of the ID’s impulses

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35
Q

Day Residue

A

accumulation of events we experiences on the day of the dream

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36
Q

__________ is experienced by the ego when danger arises

A

anxiety

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37
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

unconscious manoeuvres of the ego intended to minimize anxiety

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38
Q

Repression

A

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

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39
Q

Denial

A

motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences

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40
Q

Reaction-Formation

A

transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite

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41
Q

Projection

A

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

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42
Q

Displacement

A

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

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43
Q

Intellectualization

A

defence mechanism that allows us to avoid anxiety by thinking about abstract and interpersonal thoughts

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43
Q

Why did Freud call his stages “psychosexual” development?

A

each focuses on an erogenous zone

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43
Q

Rationalization

A

providing a reasonable sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures

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43
Q

Sublimation

A

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

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43
Q

Erogenous Zone

A

sexually arousing zone of the body

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44
Q

Freud insisted sexuality begins in ________

A

infancy

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45
Q

Stage 1 of Psychosexual Development: The Oral Stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth, sexual pleasure obtained by sucking and drinking

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46
Q

How long does the oral stage last?

A

birth to 12-18 months

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47
Q

Oral Stage Regression

A

adults who depend on unhealthy oral behaviours - smoking, overeating, drinking

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48
Q

Stage 2 of Psychosexual Development: The Anal Stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training, children want to alleviate tension and experience pleasure by moving their bowels

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49
Q

How long does the anal stage last?

A

18 months to 3 years

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50
Q

Anal Stage Regression - Anal Personalities

A

too harsh or lenient toilet training leads to anxiety and in adult years is shown as excessive neatness, rules and regulations, stinginess, stubbornness OR towards messiness, aggression, loathing

51
Q

Stage 3 of Psychosexual Development: The Phallic Stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals, penis and clitoris become primary erogenous zones for pleasure

52
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

53
Q

How long does the phallic stage last?

A

Age 3-6

54
Q

How does the oedipus complex present in girls?

A

penis envy - desire to possess a penis

55
Q

Stage 4 of Psychosexual Development: The Latency Stage

A

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

56
Q

How long does the latency stage last?

A

Age 6-12

57
Q

Stage 5 of Psychosexual Development: The Genital Stage

A

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction between others

58
Q

What age does the genital stage begin?

A

Age 12

59
Q

Many hypotheses derived from Freudian theory are impossible to _______

A

refute (falsify/disprove)

60
Q

Freud often used ___ ____ manoeuvres

A

ad hoc - hypothesis added to a theory to protect it from being falsified

61
Q

Freudian theories that can be falsified _____ been

A

have

62
Q

Freud’s theories possess limited ________ validity

A

external (generalizability)

63
Q

Freud studied a small group of individuals but applied it to all of humanity, making his studies _________

A

nomothetic

64
Q

neo-Freudian Theories

A

theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth

65
Q

neo-Freudian theories place less emphasis on __________ as a driving force on personality, and more emphasis on social drive (ie. culture and need for approval)

A

sexuality

66
Q

neo-Freudian theories are more _________ concerning personality growth throughout life

A

optimistic

67
Q

Alfred Adler believed the principal motive in human personality was striving for __________ rather than sex or aggression

A

superiority

68
Q

Style of Life

A

according to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority

69
Q

Inferiority Complex

A

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings

70
Q

Adler and Jung’s hypotheses are also difficult to _______

A

falsify

71
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generation

72
Q

Archetypes (Jung)

A

cross-culturally universal symbols

73
Q

Karen Horney said the Oedipus complex was a _______ rather than a cause of psychological problems

A

symptom (of the opposite-sex parent being over protective and the other overly critical)

74
Q

Horney’s work influenced many therapists ti look at _________ thinking at the root of psychological problems

A

disordered

75
Q

Behaviourism is a theory of ________ and personality

A

learning

76
Q

B.F. Skinner believed…

A

differences in our personality stem from differences in our learning history

77
Q

Radical behaviourists (unlike Freudians) reject the notion that the first few years of life are crucial in…

A

personality development

78
Q

Radical behaviourists don’t believe personality causes ________ but rather personality _______ of behaviours.

A

behaviour; consists

79
Q

Radical behaviourists believe personality is under the control of _______ factors and ________ in the environment

A

genetic; contingencies (reinforcers and punishers)

80
Q

Determinist

A

believe that all our actions are products of preexisting causal influences

81
Q

Radical behaviourists believe free will is an ________

A

illusion

82
Q

Radical behaviourists believe unconscious variables lie ____ of us rather than ______ (Freudian belief)

A

outside; inside

83
Q

Social Learning (aka cognitive) Theorists

A

theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality

84
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behaviour

85
Q

Social learning theorists say much of learning occurs by…

A

watching others

86
Q

Theory of Observational Learning

A

learning by watching and imitating role models

87
Q

Humanistic psychologists embrace ____ ___

A

free will

88
Q

Self-actualization

A

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

89
Q

Roger’s Model of Personality consists of _________, self, and conditions of ________

A

organism; worth

90
Q

Organism

A

our innate and genetically influenced blueprint

91
Q

Self

A

self-concept - the set of beliefs about who we are

92
Q

Conditions of Worth

A

according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour

93
Q

Maslow focused on individuals who were self-________

A

actualized

94
Q

Maslow believed self-actualized people were…

A

creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves - confident but not self-centered

95
Q

Peak Experiences

A

transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

96
Q

Comparative Psychology

A

branch of psychology that compares behaviour across species

97
Q

Comparative psychologists suggest our capacity for aggression is inherit in our closest cousins, ___________

A

chimpanzees

98
Q

Maslow’s research paved the way for todays “_________ psychology” movement

A

positive

99
Q

Rather than structure of personality, trait theorists aim to pinpoint the major _________ of personality

A

traits

100
Q

Circular Reasoning Fallacy

A

argument that instead of offering evidence repeats the conclusion

101
Q

Factor Analysis

A

statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

102
Q

Big Five

A

five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

103
Q

Lexical Approach

A

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

104
Q

What are the Big Five? (hint: OCEAN)

A
  1. openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extroversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
105
Q

Openness to Experience

A

people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional

106
Q

Conscientiousness

A

people tend to be careful and responsible

107
Q

Extroversion

A

extroverted people tend to be social and lively

108
Q

Agreeableness

A

agreeable people tend to be sociable and easy to get along with

109
Q

Neuroticism

A

people tend to be tense and moody

110
Q

Implicit Personality Theories

A

intuitive ideas concerning personality traits and their associations with behaviour

111
Q

Prior to age ____ personality traits can change over time

A

30

112
Q

Openness, extroversion, and neuroticism _______ from late teens to early 30s where conscientiousness and agreeableness __________

A

decline; increase

113
Q

Cosmetic Psychopharmcology

A

describes the use of medications to produce long-term alterations in personality

114
Q

Mischel said that measures of personality aren’t helpful to forecast ________

A

behaviour

115
Q

Epstein showed that personality traits were predictive of aggregated behaviour meaning…

A

composite if behaviour average across many situations

116
Q

Phrenology

A

attempted to detect personality traits by measuring patterns of bumps on their heads

117
Q

Physiognomy

A

claimed to detect personality via facial characteristics

118
Q

Structured Personality Tests

A

paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

119
Q

Structures tests are:

A

-easy to score
-allow for mass collections of data

120
Q

Rational/Theoretical Method of Test

A

approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization

121
Q

NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R)

A

personality test developed by Costa and McCrae utilizing the rational/theoretical method of test and a widely used measure of the Big Five

122
Q

What is the most widely administered personality test in the world?

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

123
Q

The MBTI has ____ personality types and sorts respondents into 4 categories (introversion-extroversion, sensing-intuiting, thinking-feeling, judging-perceiving)

A

16

124
Q

Projective Tests

A

test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of (ie. making shapes of clouds in the sky)

125
Q

Projective Hypothesis

A

hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus

126
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

projective test consisting of 10 symmetrical inkblots

127
Q

Thematic Apperception Test “Tell a Tale”

A

(TAT) projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

128
Q

Draw-A-Person Test

A

requires participants to draw a person in a way they wish

129
Q

P.T. Barnum Effect

A

tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate

130
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

the perception of non-existent statistical associations between variables

PSYC 105 - Introductory Psychology II (8 decks)

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