Chapter 9 Foundations of Group Behavior Flashcards
_______: Two or more individuals who are interdependent and interacting to achieve a particular goal(s).
Group
__________ is a designated work group with work assignments and established tasks by organizations.
Formal group
_______ is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined, emerged in response to the need for social contact.
Informal group
_________ considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.
Social identity theory
________ occurs when we see members of our group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same.
Ingroup favoritism
________, which is sometimes everyone else, but is usually an identified group known by the ingroup’s members.
Outgroup
__________ (SIT) occurs when members believe they will be personally negatively evaluated because of their association with a devalued group (i.e., outgroup). As a result, they may lose confidence and performance effectiveness.
Social identity threat
__________ is a set of phases that groups go through and has transitions between inertia and activity.
Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
_____ is a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
Role
_______ is one’s perception of how to act in a given situation.
Role perception
______ is how others believe one should act in a given situation.
Role expectations
___________ is an unwritten agreement that sets out what a manager expects from an employee, and vice versa.
Psychological contract
__________ is very important for organizational outcomes
Psychological contract
________ varies among cultures.
Psychological contract
_______ is a situation in which a person experiences divergent role expectations.
Role conflict
________ is a situation when the expectations of our different, separate groups are in opposition.
Inter-role conflict
_____ are acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.
Norms
______ is the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group.
Conformity
_______ is the most important group to which people belong to or hope to belong.
Reference group
People feel _______ toward conformity with group norms.
immense pressure
________ behavior is a voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms, and in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members.
Deviant workplace
_____:a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
Status
________ states that status is derived from one of three sources:
The power a person wields over others.
A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals.
An individual’s personal characteristics.
Status characteristics theory
________:high status individuals often have more freedom to deviate from norms.
Status and Norms
__________:high status people are often more assertive.
Status and Group Interaction
_________: perceived inequity creates disequilibrium and can lead to resentment and deviant behavior.
Status Inequity
_________:The status of people you are interacting with might affect how other people view you.
Status and Stigmatization
_______: “us and them” mentality and ensuring polarization.
Group Status
______ affects the group’s overall behavior.
Group size
______ are good for gaining diverse input.
Large groups
_____ are better doing something with input.
Smaller groups
______ is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than alone.
Social loafing
________ is the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
Group cohesiveness
_________ is the degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another.
Diversity
______ is the perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education.
Faultline
Strengths of group decision making:
More complete information and knowledge
Increased diversity of views
Increased acceptance of solutions
Weaknesses of group decision making:
Time consuming
Conformity pressures
Dominance of a few members
Ambiguous responsibility
_______: more accurate than the average individual in the group
Accuracy
______: individuals are superior
Speed
_______: group is more effective.
Creativity
________: group receives higher level of acceptance.
Acceptance
_______: situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views.
Groupthink
_______ describes the way group members tend to exaggerate their initial positions when discussing a given set of alternatives to arrive at a solution.
Groupshift
Members meet face-to-face and rely on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate with each other.
interacting groups
________ can overcome pressures for conformity.
Brainstorming
The ________ technique restricts discussion or interpersonal communication during the decision-making process.
nominal group
