Chapter 5 Personalities and Values

Question 1

The sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

Factors determined at conception; one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup.

Answer 2

heredity

Question 3

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

Answer 3

personality traits

Question 4

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of 16 personality types.

Answer 4

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 5

A personality assessment model that describes five basic dimensions of personality.

Answer 5

Big Five Model

Question 6

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Answer 6

conscientiousness

Question 7

A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

Answer 7

emotional stability

Question 8

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive.

Answer 8

extraversion

Question 9

A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.

Answer 9

openness to experience

Question 10

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Answer 10

agreeableness

Question 11

A constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

Answer 11

Dark Triad

Question 12

The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

Answer 12

Machiavellianism

Question 13

The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and possess a sense of entitlement.

Answer 13

narcissism

Question 14

The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.

Answer 14

psychopathy

Question 15

Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

Answer 15

core self-evaluation (CSE)

Question 16

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

Answer 16

self-monitoring

Question 17

People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

Answer 17

proactive personality

Question 18

A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation.

Answer 18

situation strength theory

Question 19

Researchers have analyzed situation strength in organizations in terms of four elements:

Answer 19

• Clarity
• Consistency
• Constraints
• Consequences

Question 20

A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others.

Answer 20

trait activation theory (TAT)

Question 21

Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.

Answer 21

values

Question 22

A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

Answer 22

value system

Question 23

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Answer 23

terminal values

Question 24

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.

Answer 24

instrumental values

Question 25

A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Answer 25

personality–job fit theory

Question 26

A theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave when there is no compatibility.

Answer 26

person–organization fit

Question 27

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Answer 27

power distance

Question 28

A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.

Answer 28

individualism

Question 29

A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Answer 29

collectivism

Question 30

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Answer 30

masculinity

Question 31

A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Answer 31

femininity

Question 32

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

Answer 32

uncertainty avoidance

Question 33

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

Answer 33

long-term orientation

Question 34

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.

Answer 34

short-term orientation