Chapter 9 - Foundations of Group Behavior

Question 1

Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.

Answer 1

Group

Question 2

A designated workgroup defined by an organization’s structure.

Answer 2

Formal Group

Question 3

Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.

Answer 3

Social Identity Theory

Question 4

Perspective in which we see members of our ingroup as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same.

Answer 4

Ingroup Favoritism

Question 5

The inverse of an ingroup, which can mean everyone outside the group, but more usually an identified other group.

Answer 5

Outgroup

Question 6

A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.

Answer 6

Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

Question 7

A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Answer 7

Role

Question 8

An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation.

Answer 8

Role Perception

Question 9

How others believe a person should act in a given situation.

Answer 9

Role Expectations

Question 10

An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa.

Answer 10

Psychological Contract

Question 11

A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.

Answer 11

Role Conflict

Question 12

A situation in which the expectations of an individual’s different, separate groups are in opposition.

Answer 12

Interrole Conflict

Question 13

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.

Answer 13

Norms

Question 14

The adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group.

Answer 14

Conformity

Question 15

Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.

Answer 15

Reference Groups

Question 16

Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members. Also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility.

Answer 16

Deviant Workplace Behavior

Question 17

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.

Answer 17

Status

Question 18

A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.

Answer 18

Status Characteristics Theory

Question 19

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.

Answer 19

Social Loafing

Question 20

The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

Answer 20

Cohesiveness

Question 21

The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.

Answer 21

Diversity

Question 22

The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education.

Answer 22

Faultlines

Question 23

A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

Answer 23

Groupthink

Question 24

A change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position.

Answer 24

Groupshift

Question 25

Typical groups in which members interact with each other face to face.

Answer 25

Interacting Groups

Question 26

An idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

Answer 26

Brainstorming

Question 27

A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.

Answer 27

Nominal Group Technique