Chapter 7 - Motivation Concepts

Question 1

The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of five needs—physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

Answer 2

Hierarchy of Needs

Question 3

A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called motivation-hygiene theory.

Answer 3

Two-Factor Theory

Question 4

Factors—such as company policy and administration, supervision, and salary—that, when adequate in a job, placate workers. When these factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.

Answer 4

Hygiene Factors

Question 5

A theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.

Answer 5

Mcclelland’s Theory of Needs

Question 6

The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed.

Answer 6

Need for Achievement (nach)

Question 7

The need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise.

Answer 7

Need for Power (nPow)

Question 8

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

Answer 8

Need for Affiliation (naff)

Question 9

A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.

Answer 9

Self-Determination Theory

Question 10

A version of self-determination theory that holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.

Answer 10

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Question 11

The degree to which people’s reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.

Answer 11

Self-Concordance

Question 12

A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.

Answer 12

Goal-Setting Theory

Question 13

A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment.

Answer 13

Promotion Focus

Question 14

A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations.

Answer 14

Prevention Focus

Question 15

A program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.

Answer 15

Management by Objectives (MBO)

Question 16

An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Answer 16

Self-Efficacy Theory

Question 17

A theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Answer 17

Reinforcement Theory

Question 18

A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

Answer 18

Behaviorism

Question 19

The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience.

Answer 19

Social-Learning Theory

Question 20

A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.

Answer 20

Equity Theory

Question 21

An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice.

Answer 21

Organizational Justice

Question 22

Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

Answer 22

Distributive Justice

Question 23

The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.

Answer 23

Procedural Justice

Question 24

The degree to which employees are provided truthful explanations for decisions.

Answer 24

Informational Justice

Question 25

The degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect.

Answer 25

Interpersonal Justice

Question 26

A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

Answer 26

Expectancy Theory

Question 27

The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.

Answer 27

Job Engagement