Chapter 5 - Personality and Values

Question 1

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Factors determined at conception; one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup.

Answer 2

Heredity

Question 3

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

Answer 3

Personality Traits

Question 4

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of 16 personality types.

Answer 4

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 5

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Answer 5

Conscientiousness

Question 6

A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

Answer 6

Emotional Stability

Question 7

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive. openness to experience a personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.

Answer 7

Extraversion

Question 8

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Answer 8

Agreeableness

Question 9

A constellation of negative personality traits consisting of machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy.

Answer 9

Dark Triad

Question 10

The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

Answer 10

Machiavellianism

Question 11

The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

Answer 11

Narcissism

Question 12

The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.

Answer 12

Psychopathy

Question 13

Bottomline conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

Answer 13

Core Self-Evaluation (CSE)

Question 14

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

Answer 14

Self-Monitoring

Question 15

People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.

Answer 15

Proactive Personality

Question 16

A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation.

Answer 16

Situation Strength Theory

Question 17

A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others.

Answer 17

Trait Activation Theory (TAT)

Question 18

Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.

Answer 18

Values

Question 19

A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

Answer 19

Value System

Question 20

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Answer 20

Terminal Values

Question 21

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.

Answer 21

Instrumental Values

Question 22

A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Answer 22

Personality–Job Fit Theory

Question 23

A theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave when there is not compatibility.

Answer 23

Person-Organization Fit

Question 24

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Answer 24

Power Distance

Question 25

A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.

Answer 25

Individualism

Question 26

A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Answer 26

Collectivism

Question 27

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Answer 27

Masculinity

Question 28

A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Answer 28

Femininity

Question 29

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

Answer 29

Uncertainty Avoidance

Question 30

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

Answer 30

Long-Term Orientation

Question 31

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.

Answer 31

Short-Term Orientation