Chapter 9 - Fat Flashcards
what are the fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamins K, A, D, and E
lipids
A class of organic compounds that includes: -
* fats
* oils
* other biomolecules
that are soluble in non-polar solvents
can be classified as either simple or compound lipids
fatty acids
molecules that contains a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain
Fatty acids (fats) are the main form of lipid consumed through diet
used to store energy in the form of body fat
types of fatty acids
simple lipids
the most commonly consumed lipids (triglycerols)
The lipids are found in meat, dairy, oils, nuts, and seeds. These lipids are made up from a glycerol molecule that provides the backbone to which three fatty acids units attach
These triglycerols are also the main form of stored energy (stored fat) in the body
types of fatty acids
glycerol
triglycerols are also the main form of stored energy (stored fat) in the body
types of fatty acids
saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that is fully saturated with hydrogens
the entire carbon chain is full of hydrogens
the chemical structure of fatty acids make them more chemically stable than unsaturated fatty acids. As such, they are solid at room temperature and have long shelf lives
butter, beef, cheese, and egg yolks, along with coconut, chocolate, and other industrial oils like palm oil
types of fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acid
mono and poly unsaturated types
A fatty acid that** has one or more carbons that are not fully saturated** with hydrogen
healthier than saturated fats
hydrocarbon chains
A molecule that consists of hydrogen and carbon only
short-chain: 6-8 carbons
medium-chain: 8-10
long-chain: 12 or more
long-chain carbons are the most common form of hydrocarbon chain in the body
types of fatty acids
monounsaturated fat
A fatty acid that has one carbon that is not fully saturated with hydrogen
have a single carbon that is missing a hydrogen, while polyunsaturated fats have one or more carbon atoms that are missing a hydrogen atom.
Monounsaturated fats are found in foods such as olives and olive oil, avocados, almonds, canola oil, cashews, and pecans
types of fatty acids
polyunsaturated fat
A fatty acid that** has more than one carbon that is not fully saturated with hydrogen**
include flax seeds, sunflower seeds, walnuts, corn, safflower oil, and salmon
types of fatty acids
omega fatty acid
types 3 and 6
unsaturated fat based on the position of the unsaturated carbon in the chain
have their first double bond occur at the third carbon atom from the end
omega-6 fatty acids have their first double bond occur at** the sixth carbon atom** from the end
types of fatty acids
omega 3 fatty acids
found in both short-chain and long-chain fatty acids
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) - short-chain O3FA found primarily in plant foods, such as walnuts, chia seeds, and flax seeds
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - long-chain O3FA found in cold-water fatty fish and shellfish like salmon, mackerel, and crab
the recommended daily intake of omega 3s is 1.1-1.6 g (1 serving of fatty cold-water fish)
types of fatty acids
omega 6 fatty acids
alpha-linoleic acid - primary O6FA and is primarily found in plant oils:
- safflower
- soybean
- canola oil
consumed in higher quantities, with guidelines recommending ~12–17 grams per day for both genders
types of fatty acids
trans fats
taking a liquid with unsaturated fat and adding a hydrogen to one or more carbon molecules, forcing the structure to become more saturated
the fat in French fries, doughnuts, fried chicken, baked goods, snacks, and non-dairy coffee creamer
the US Food and Drug Administration has labeled this type of fat to be not Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and banned it in 2018
compound lipids (2 types)
phospholipids
A lipid that contains a phosphate group
compound lipids (2 types)
lipoprotein
A group of soluble molecules that combine with and transport fat or other lipids through the blood or plasma
common types are (HDL) and (LDL). Their main roles in the body are to transport lipids in the form of triglycerides and cholesterol throughout the body
hydrophilic
substances that can be dissolved in, or are attracted to, water
hydrophobic
substances that cannot be dissolved in, or are repelled by, water
function of lipids
structural fat
phospholipids provide the molecular structure of cell membranes
These specialized fats combine together to point their hydrophobic tails inward and their hydrophilic heads outward to create a phospholipid bilayer
Fat is a structural component of the body, providing support for organs (kidneys, heart, or eyeballs, which are surrounded by a layer of fat)
function of lipids
energy storage
Fats are the largest store of energy and the most energy-dense form of energy storage in the human body
most adults are 170lbs averge and are 34% body fat, meaning they have roughly 210,000 stored calories (good for 60-90 days of energy)
stored as subcutaneous and visceral fat
type of stored fat
subcutaneous fat
Adipose tissue that is located between the skin and skeletal muscle
primary source of energy storage + serves as an effective insulator
type of stored fat
visceral fat
Adipose tissue that is located below skeletal muscle, most often in the abdominal cavity
carries a higher risk for chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, when compared to subcutaneous fat
function of lipids
hormones
Fats, especially cholesterol, are also important in the production of several hormones in the human body.
sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen, are derived from cholesterol