Chapter 3 - Evidence-Informed Practice

Question 1

hypothesis

Answer 1

a proposed explanation on the basis of evidence

forms the basis of investigation

Question 2

theory

Answer 2

A well-supported explanation of a part of the natural world that often incorporates supported hypothesis and laws, as well as scientific facts

Question 3

evidence-based practice

Answer 3

Scientific work, generally in the form of written papers, that has been reviewed and subjected to critical appraisal by other expert peers in the subject area

Question 4

public domain

Answer 4

being available to the public

Question 5

evidence-informed practice

Answer 5

The process whereby decisions in practice are based upon the best available, current, valid, and relevant evidence

Question 6

randomized control trials

Answer 6

A type of study that utilizes a study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group.

Question 7

expert opinion

Answer 7

The thoughts, opinions, and assessments of an expert within a specific field

Question 8

case study

Answer 8

An intensive study of a specific subject, which is often a person, group, or community

not just an individual

Question 9

clinical experience

Answer 9

Experience an individual derives from practicing in a clinical setting and utilizes
1. experiential information
2. contextual clues
3. heuristics to make decisions

**Prone to overconfidence

Question 10

scientific method

Answer 10

A systematic approach of discovering truths about the natural world through a series of well-defined steps

Question 11

empirical evidence

Answer 11

Evidence or information acquired through experimentation or observation

Question 12

peer review

Answer 12

The evaluation of scientific work by colleagues or peers in the same field to help validate the evidence and conclusions

Question 13

filtered information

Answer 13

Information that has been reviewed or appraised by other individuals, usually professionals in the same field, with the goal of improving the accuracy and validity of the information

Question 14

unfiltered information

Answer 14

Information that has not been reviewed or appraised by experts or professionals.

Question 15

primary evidence

aka “primary source”

Answer 15

Evidence that reports the initial outcome of a study or experiment

Question 16

secondary evidence

aka “secondary source”

Answer 16

Evidence that summarizes, compares, or reports on the primary evidence

Question 17

examples of primary sources

4 total

Answer 17

1. randomized trial
2. observational study
3. case study
4. pilot trial

Question 18

examples of secondary sources

3 total

Answer 18

1. narrative review
2. systematic review
3. meta analysis

Question 19

hierarchy of evidence

Answer 19

A heuristic used to organize and order both:

1. relative strength of results obtained from scientific research
2. the qualitative nature of different types of research

Question 20

placecbo

Answer 20

A substance that has no known or intended therapeutic effect and is used as a control in testing new drugs

used in randomized controlled trials as a control

Question 21

observational studies

Answer 21

A group of different types of studies that observe or follow groups of people over time

Question 22

retrospective studies

Answer 22

A type of observational study that looks backwards in time and attempts to look for exposures or protective factors for an outcome

Question 23

cross-sectional studies

Answer 23

A type of observational study that examines data on a group of people at a singular point in time

Question 24

prospective studies

Answer 24

A type of observational study that follows people, looking forward in time, and watches for outcomes and relates them to suspected risk or protection factors

Question 25

cohort studies

Answer 25

A type of observational study that examines a group (or cohort) of people and follows them to see who experiences an outcome

Question 26

case-control studies

Answer 26

A type of observational study that separates people at the beginning of a study based on whether they have experienced an outcome and follows them over time

Question 27

case studies

Answer 27

An intensive study of a specific subject, which is often a person, group, or community

Question 28

impact factor

Answer 28

An index metric that reflects the number of citations a journal received over time

often a surrogate marker for the importance and quality of research published in that journal

Question 29

citations

Answer 29

A reference to an article, paper, book, or other publication, especially a scholarly work

Question 30

confounding variables

Answer 30

Extra variables that are often considered to be hidden and influence both the independent and dependent variables