Chapter 9- Environmental And Nutritional Diseases Flashcards
What is the single leading global cause of health loss
Under-nutrition
What is the major culprit in global warming
CO2
What is an exogenous agent in environment that may be inhaled, ingested or directly absorbed
Xenobiotics
What are the steps in phase 1 of drug metabolism
Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction
What is the most important phase 1 drug metabolism catalyst
Cytochrome P 450
What are the stages of phase 2 drug metabolism
Glucuronidation, sulfaiton, methylation, conjugation
What are the major sources of lead
Gasoline and house paints
What is the effect of lead poisoning on the adult brain
Headache, memory loss
What is the effect of lead poisoning on the child brain
Encephalopathy, mental deterioration
What appears in the bones of a child who has lead poisoning
Radiodense deposits in epiphyses
What does arsenic poisoning interfere with
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
What is vinyl chloride exposure associated with
Angiosarcoma of liver
What toxicant is known to cause leukemia
Benzene
What is the most common exogenous cause of human cancers
Tobacco
Which substances in tobacco smoke constituents are carcinogenesis inducing
Tar, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, nitrosamines
What substances in tobacco smoke are associated with toxicity to cilia and mucosal irritation
Formaldehyde and nitrogen oxides
What are some adverse effects of anticoagulants
Thrombosis and bleeding
What is the major drug that has adverse effect of causing glomerulonephritis
Penicillamine
What is the molecular target of opioid narcotics
Mu
What is the molecular target of sedative hypnotics
GABAa receptor (agonist)
What is the molecular target of phencyclidine-like drugs
NMDA glutamate receptor channel (antagonist)
What cells are effected with 1-2SV of ionizing radiation and what are the clinical consequences
Lymphocytes; moderate granulocytopenia, lymphopenia
What is primarily effected with 2-10SV of ionizing radiation and what is the clinical consequence
Bone marrow; leukopenia, hemorrhage, hair loss, vomiting
What is primarily effected with 11-20SV of ionizing radiation and what is the clinical consequence
Small bowel; diarrhea, fever, electrolyte imbalance, vomiting
What is the embryonic effect of intense ionizing radiation
Destruction of neurons and glial cells
What is decreased in marasmus
Somatic compartment of proteins
What is decreased in kwashiorkor
Visceral compartment of protein
What disorder occurs in chronically ill patients with clinical presentation of extreme weight loss, fatigue, muscle atrophy, anemia, edema and anorexia
Cachexia
What has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder
Anorexia
What vitamin deficiency is associated with increased risk of measles
Vitamin A
What vitamin deficiency has increased risk of spinocerebellar degeneration
Vitamin E
What vitamin deficiency is associated with Korsakoff syndrome
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
What vitamin deficiency is associated with pellagra
Niacin
What are the 3 Ds that go with pellagra
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
What vitamin deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy, specifically Keshan syndrome
Selenium
What can vitamin D toxicity cause
Hypercalcemia
What do the leptin in fat cells stimulate
POMC/CART neurons
What does leptin in fat cells inhibit
NPY/AgPR
What do NPY/AgRP neurons promote
Foot intake and weight gain
What is ingestion of aflatoxin associated with development of
Hepatocellular carcinoma
