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Lecom pathology year 2 > chapter 24- endocrine pathology > Flashcards

chapter 24- endocrine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common pituitary adenoma

A

prolactinoma

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2
Q

what is the proper treatment for prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonists or surgery

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3
Q

what hormonal effect does prolactinoma have on Males and females

A

males= decreased libido and headache; females= galactorrhea and amenorrhea

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4
Q

how do you diagnose (lab results) GH adenoma

A

increased GH and IFG-1; lack of GH suppression by oral glucose

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5
Q

what is the common tumor causing hypopituitarism in adults

A

pituitary adenoma

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6
Q

what is the common tumor causing hypopituitarism in kids

A

craniopharyngioma

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7
Q

how do people with sheehan syndrome present

A

poor lactation and loss of pubic hair

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8
Q

how do you diagnose central diabetes insipidus

A

H2O deprivation fails to increase urine osmolality

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9
Q

what is the treatment for central diabetes insipidus

A

desmopressin (ADH analogue)

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10
Q

what is the term for cystic dilation of thyroglossal duct remnant

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

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11
Q

if you see the term “scalloping of calloid” what disease should you think of

A

graves disease

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12
Q

describe TSH and T4 levels in graves disease

A

total and free T4 increased; decreased TSH

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13
Q

what is a major complication of graves disease

A

thyroid storm

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14
Q

what is multi nodular goiter due to

A

relative iodine deficiency

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15
Q

what is the term for hypothyroid in neonates and infants

A

cretinism

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16
Q

what are the clinical presentations of cretinism

A

mental retardation, short stature with skeletal abnormalities, coarse facial features, enlarged tongue

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17
Q

what HLA is hashimoto thyroiditis associated with

A

HLA-DR5

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18
Q

what antibodies are often present with hashimoto thyroiditis

A

antithyroglobin and antimicrosomal

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19
Q

what lymphoma are people with hashimoto more common to get

A

B-cell lymphoma

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20
Q

when you hear increased number of pink cells or herthel cells what disorder should you think

A

hashimoto thyroiditis

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21
Q

what typically precedes subacute/de quiervain granulomatous thyroiditis

A

viral infection

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22
Q

describe the thyroid gland in redial fibrosing thyroiditis

A

hard as wood, nontender

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23
Q

who does redial fibrosing thyroiditis classically occur in

A

young females

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24
Q

what conditions cause increased uptake of radioactive iodine

A

graves or nodular goiter

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25
what conditions cause decrease uptake of radioactive iodine
adenoma and carcinoma
26
describe follicular adenoma
benign; usually non-functional; follicles surrounded by fibrous capsule
27
what is the major risk factor for papillary carcinoma
exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood
28
if you see orphan-anide nuclei and simmoma body what should you think
papillary carcinoma
29
what cells are malignantly proliferating in medullar carcinoma
parafollicular cells
30
what carcinoma presents similarly to rediel, except that rediel is in young and this carcinoma is in old
anapestic carcinoma
31
what is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure
32
what is likely occurring if there is numbness and tingling, especially around lips; tetany; decreased PTH and decreased serum calcium
hypoparathyroidism
33
what is the issue in pseudohypoparathyroidism
end organ resistance to PTH due to issue with Gs protein
34
describe the presentation of someone with pseudohypoparathyroidism
autosomal dominant; associated with short stature and short 4th and 5th digits
35
what is the likely genetic basis of pancreatic endocrine tumors (of islet cells)
component of MEN1
36
how do you diagnose CUshings syndrome
increased 24 hour urine cortisol levels
37
how do you distinguish between ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma and paraneoplastic ACTH secretion
high-dose dexamethasone
38
what is the most common deficit in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
21 hydroxylase deficiency
39
if you have a young child that previously had neisseria infection that is not presenting with adrenal insufficiency, what is the likely diagnosis
waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
40
what is the term for a tumor of chromatin cells in the adrenal medulla
pheochromocytoma
41
how do you diagnose pheochromocytoma
increased serum metanephrines and increase 24 hour urine metanephrines and UMA
42
What do the stem cells that somatotrophs, mammosomatotrophs, and lactotrophs derive from express
PIT-1
43
What factors are expressed for gonadotroph differentiation
SF-1 and GATA-2
44
What is the mechanism of alteration of GNAS
Activating mutation
45
What gene is involved as an activating mutation in pituitary carcinomas
HRAS
46
What gain of function gene is associated with GH adenomas
GNAS
47
What type of adenomas are associated with MEN1
GH, prolactin, and ACTH adenomas
48
What is the most common alteration in hyperpituitarism
G protein mutations
49
What distinguishes pituitary adenomas from non-neoplasticism anterior pituitary parenchyma
Cellular monomorphism and absence of significant reticulum network
50
What is the most common hyperfunctioning adenomas of the pituitary gland
Prolactinoma
51
What adenoma is commonly associated with Psammoma bodies and/or pituitary stone
Prolactinoma
52
Describe the morphology findings of somatotropin adenoma
Sparsely granulated subtypes are composed of chromophobe cells with considerable nuclear and cytologic pleomorphism and focal, weak staining for GH
53
What syndrome can occur after removal of adrenal glands for treatment of Cushing syndrome
Nelson syndrome
54
What are the clinical presentations with SIADH
Hyponatremia, cerebral edema, resultant neurologic dysfunction
55
What is the diagnostic feature of adamantinomatous type of craniopharygiomas (occuring in kids
Wet keratin (lamellar keratin formation); dystrophic calcification (machine oil like)
56
When you see the term hurthle cell what disease should you think of
Hash improvement
57
What polymorphisms increase susceptibility to hashimoto
CTLA4 and PTPN22
58
Describe the cut section of Graves' disease
Parenchyma has soft, meaty apperance resembling muscle
59
What are the 2 phases of diffuse nontoxic (simple) goiter
Hyperplastic and colloid involution
60
What is the usual presentation of thyroid gland adenomas
Unilateral painless mass
61
What is the hallmark finding with thyroid gland adenomas
Presence of intact, well formed capsule encircling tumor
62
What are most cases of papillary thyroid gland carcinomas assoaciated with
Prior radiation, orphan Annie eyes nuclei, papillae, psammomma bodies
63
What is the common phrase used to describe hyperparathyroidism
Painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans, psychic moans
64
What does symptomatic untreated hyperparathyroidism lead to (interrelated skeletal abnormalities)
Osteoporosis, brown tumors and osteitis fibrosa cystica
65
What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
66
What are the autoimmune causes of hypoparathyroidism
APS1 and mutations in AIRE
67
How does hypoparatyroidism present in childhood
Candidiasis
68
What are the classic findings on physical exam with hypoparathyroidism
Chvostek sign and trousseau sign
69
What is the classic triad with DM
Polyuria, polydipisia, polyphagia
70
Is ketoacidosis more common with DM1 or 2
DM1
71
What do alpha cell tumors increase and then cause due to this
Increases glucagon; characteristic skin rash
72
What does the pituitary show with Cushing syndrome in its hyaline
Crooks hyaline change
73
What is the most common clinical consequence of hyperadrenalism
HTN
74
What side are aldosterone producing adenomas more common on
Left
75
What adrenal cortex issue is associated with spironlactone bodies
Aldosterone-producing adenomas
76
Who should congenital adrenal hyperplasia always be suspected in
Neonate with ambiguous genitalia
77
What disease should you think of when the nuclei are usually round to oval with salt and pepper chromatin
Pheochromocytoma
78
What is sipple syndrome associated with (alteration)
MEN-2A
79
What is associated with MEN-2B
Neuro as, marfanoid habitus
80
What mutations are common in familial medullary thyroid cancer
RET mutations

Lecom pathology year 2 (18 decks)

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