Chapter 9 - Digestive System

Question 1

Intracellular digestion

Answer 1

Involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy

Question 2

Extracellular digestion

Answer 2

Nutrients obtained from food
- Occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

Question 3

Mechanical digestion

Answer 3

Physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

Question 4

Chemical digestion

Answer 4

Enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

Question 5

Pathway of the digestive tract

Answer 5

Oral cavity –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> rectum

Question 6

Accessory glands of digestion

Answer 6

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Question 7

Enteric nervous system

Answer 7

Collection of neurons that govern gastrointestinal system
- Trigger peristalsis

Question 8

Salivary amylase

Answer 8

Hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars

Question 9

Lipase

Answer 9

Catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids

Question 10

Pharynx

Answer 10

Connects the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus

Question 11

Esophagus

Answer 11

Propels food to the stomach using peristalsis

Question 12

Gastric glands

Answer 12

Respond to signals from vagus nerve, which is activated by brain in response to sight, taste, and smell of food

Question 13

Mucous cells

Answer 13

Produce bicarbonate - rich mucus to protect the stomach

Question 14

Gastric juice

Answer 14

Combination of secretions from chief and parietal cells

Question 15

Chief cells

Answer 15

Secrete pepsinogen, a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach

Question 16

Parietal cells

Answer 16

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Question 17

Pepsin

Answer 17

Digests proteins by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids

Question 18

Intrinsic factor

Answer 18

Glycoprotein involved in absorption of B12

Question 19

Pyloric glands

Answer 19

Contain G cells that secrete gastrin

Question 20

Gastrin

Answer 20

Peptide hormone that increases HCL secretion and gastric motility

Question 21

Duodenum

Answer 21

First part of the small intestine and is primarily involved in chemical digestion

Question 22

Disaccharidases

Answer 22

Brush - border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides

Question 23

Peptidases

Answer 23

Break down proteins

Question 24

Aminopeptidase

Answer 24

Removes N-terminal amino acid

Question 25

Dipeptidase

Answer 25

Cleave peptide bonds of dipeptides

Question 26

Enteropeptidase

Answer 26

Activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade

Question 27

Secretin

Answer 27

Peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum

Question 28

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 28

Stimulates bile release from the gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety

Question 29

Bile

Answer 29

Fluid composed of bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol

Question 30

Bile salts

Answer 30

Derived from cholesterol - Emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles

Question 31

Pancreatic juices

Answer 31

Mixture of enzymes and bicarbonate- rich alkaline solution

Question 32

Pancreas

Answer 32

Made of exocrine cells (acinar cells) that produce pancreatic juices

Question 33

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 33

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides - Carbohydrate digestion

Question 34

Pancreatic lipase

Answer 34

Break down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 35

Liver

Answer 35

Synthesizes bile; processes nutrients, produces urea, detoxifies chemicals, activates and inactivates medications, and synthesizes albumin and clotting factors

Question 36

Jejunum and ileum

Answer 36

Primarily involved in the absorption of nutrients

Question 37

Large intestine

Answer 37

Absorbs water and salts, forming semi solid feces

Question 38

Cecum

Answer 38

Out pocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine - Site of attachment of the appendix

Question 39

Colon

Answer 39

Absorbs water and salts; forms feces - Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 40

Rectum

Answer 40

Storage site for feces