Chapter 2 - Reproduction

Question 1

Diploid (2n)

Answer 1

Contain 2 copies of each chromosome

Question 2

Haploid (n)

Answer 2

One copy of each chromosome

Question 3

Cell Cycle

Answer 3

Series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides

Question 4

4 phases of cell cycle

Answer 4

G1, S, G2, M

Question 5

G0 stage

Answer 5

cell carries out normal functions, no preparation for division

Question 6

G1 stage: Presynthetic Gap

Answer 6

Cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also increasing in size

Question 7

S stage: Synthesis of DNA

Answer 7

Cell replicates genetic material so each daughter cell will have identical copies

Question 8

G2 stage: Postsynthetic gap

Answer 8

cell passes through checkpoint; enough organelles and cytoplasm for 2 daughter cells

Question 9

M Stage: Mitosis

Answer 9

Cell division in somatic cells
- 4 phases

Question 10

Prophase

Answer 10

• Condensation of chromatin into chromosomes
• Centriole pairs separate
  Centrioles form spindle fibers

Question 11

Metaphase

Answer 11

Chromosomes align at metaphase plate (equatorial plate)

Question 12

Anaphase

Answer 12

Sister chromatids separate; opposite poles of a cell

Question 13

Telophase

Answer 13

• Spindle apparatus disappears
• Nuclear membrane reforms

Question 14

Cytokinesis

Answer 14

Separation of cytoplasm and organelles

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

Division of gametocytes (germ cells) that ends in 4 nonidentical gametes

Question 16

Meiosis I

Answer 16

Homologous chromosomes are separated, generating haploid daughter cells

Question 17

Meiosis II

Answer 17

Separation of sister chromatids; no change in ploidy

Question 18

Prophase I

Answer 18

Chromatins —> chromosomes
- spindle apparatus forms
- nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
- Synapsis occurs

Question 19

Alleles

Answer 19

Genes coding for alternative forms of a given trait

Question 20

Metaphase I

Answer 20

Homologous pairs (tetrads) align at metaphase plate

Question 21

Anaphase I

Answer 21

Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell (disjunction)

Question 22

Testes

Answer 22

Gonads fully developed

Question 23

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 23

Sperm is produced here; nourished by Sertoli cells

Question 24

Interstitial cells of Leydig

Answer 24

secrete testosterone and androgens

Question 25

Seminal fluid

Answer 25

Produced by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

Question 26

Seminal vesicles

Answer 26

Contribute fructose to nourish sperm

Question 27

Prostate gland

Answer 27

Give fluid mildly alkaline properties

Question 28

Bulbourethral (cowper's) gland

Answer 28

Produces clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates urethra during sexual arousal

Question 29

Semen

Answer 29

Sperm and seminal fluid

Question 30

Spermatogenesis

Answer 30

Formation of haploid sperm through meiosis

Question 31

Ovaries

Answer 31

Developed gonads; produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 32

Follicles

Answer 32

Multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (eggs)

Question 33

Zona pellucida

Answer 33

Protects oocyte and contains compounds necessary for sperm cell binding

Question 34

Corona radiata

Answer 34

Adheres to oocyte during ovulation

Question 35

Zygote

Answer 35

Product of sperm and ovum

Question 36

4 phases of menstrual cycle

Answer 36

Follicular Ovulation Luteal Menstruation