Chapter 7 - Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Consists of a muscular 4- chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 2

Heart

Answer 2

4-chambered structure composed predominantly of cardiac muscle

Question 3

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 3

Right side of heart accepts deoxygenated blood from body and moves to lungs via pulmonary arteries

Question 4

Systemic circulation

Answer 4

Left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs by way of pulmonary veins and sends the body via the aorta

Question 5

Atria

Answer 5

Thin-walled structures where blood is received from either the vena cava (deoxygenated from right) or pulmonary veins (oxygenated from left)

Question 6

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 6

Separate Atria and ventricles

Question 7

Semilunar valves

Answer 7

Separate ventricles and vasculature

Question 8

Valves

Answer 8

Prevent backflow

Question 9

Tricuspid valve

Answer 9

Between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 10

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

Answer 10

Between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 11

Pulmonary valve

Answer 11

Separates right ventricle and pulmonary circulation

Question 12

Aortic valve

Answer 12

Separates left ventricle and aorta

Question 13

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 13

Impulse initiation
- wall of right atrium
- 2 atria contract simultaneously

Question 14

Atrial systole

Answer 14

Results in an increase in atrial pressure

Question 15

Atrial kick

Answer 15

Additional volume of blood from atrial systole

Question 16

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 16

Signal delayed to allow ventricles to fill
- junction of atria and ventricles

Question 17

Bundle of His(AV bundle)

Answer 17

Embedded and interventricular septum

Question 18

Purkinje fibers

Answer 18

Distribute electrical signal through ventricular muscle

Question 19

Systole

Answer 19

Ventricular contraction, closure of AV valve –> blood pumped out of ventricles

Question 20

Diastole

Answer 20

Ventricles relaxed, semi lunar valves closed –> blood fills ventricles

Question 21

Cardiac output

Answer 21

Total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

Question 22

Arteries

Answer 22

Move blood away from the heart to the lungs
- oxygenated blood
- highly muscular and elastic
- branch into arterioles

Question 23

Veins

Answer 23

Transport blood to heart
- deoxygenated blood
- thin walled and inelastic
- less recoil
- ability to stretch

Question 24

Venules

Answer 24

Smaller venous structures that connect capillaries to the larger veins of the body

Question 25

Capillaries

Answer 25

Vessels with a single endothelial cell layer

Question 26

Superior vena cava

Answer 26

Returns blood above heart

Question 27

Inferior vena cava

Answer 27

Returns blood below heart

Question 28

Circulation pathway

Answer 28

Right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> vena cava --> right atrium

Question 29

Portal systems

Answer 29

Blood passes through two capillary beds - hepatic, hypophyseal, renal

Question 30

Plasma

Answer 30

Liquid portion of blood; aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

Question 31

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Answer 31

Specialized cell designed for oxygen transport

Question 32

Hemoglobin

Answer 32

Protein that can bind 4 molecules of oxygen

Question 33

Hematocrit

Answer 33

How much of a blood sample consists of red blood cells

Question 34

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Answer 34

Crucial part of immune system - formed in bone marrow

Question 35

Granulocytes

Answer 35

Contains cytoplasmic granules; involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, post formation, and destruction of bacteria and parasites - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 36

Agranulocytes

Answer 36

Do not contain granules

Question 37

Lymphocytes

Answer 37

Important and specific immune response - B -cells and T- cells

Question 38

B - cells

Answer 38

Mature in bone marrow - responsible for antibody generation

Question 39

T- cells

Answer 39

Mature in thymus - kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells

Question 40

Monocytes

Answer 40

Phagocytize foreign matter - later become macrophages - microglia, Langerhans cells, osteoclasts

Question 41

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 41

Cell fragments released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes - assist in blood clotting

Question 42

Hematopoiesis

Answer 42

Production of blood cells and platelets

Question 43

Erythropoietin

Answer 43

Stimulated red blood cell development - secreted by kidney

Question 44

Thrombopoietin

Answer 44

Stimulates platelet development - secreted by liver and kidney

Question 45

Antigen

Answer 45

Specific target to which the immune system can react

Question 46

Universal donors

Answer 46

Type O - will not cause hemolysis in any recipient

Question 47

Universal recipients

Answer 47

Type AB

Question 48

RH factor

Answer 48

Refer to presence or absence of D allele

Question 49

Blood pressure

Answer 49

the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood - systolic and diastolic components

Question 50

Oxygen saturation

Answer 50

Percent of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen

Question 51

Cooperative binding

Answer 51

Oxygen is more likely to bind to a hemoglobin bound to one O2 than to an unbound hemoglobin

Question 52

Bohr effect

Answer 52

Changes in the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 caused by changes in the environment

Question 53

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 53

Pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel - Forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary