Chapter 5 - Endocrine System

Question 1

Glands

Answer 1

Organs that secrete hormones

Question 2

Hormones

Answer 2

Signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to target tissues

Question 3

Peptide hormones

Answer 3

Made up of amino acids
- Derived from larger precursor polypeptides

Question 4

Steroid hormone

Answer 4

Derived from cholesterol and are produced primarily by the gonads and adrenal cortex

Question 5

Amino acid derivative hormones

Answer 5

Derived from one or two amino acids
- Chemistry less predictable

Question 6

Dimerization

Answer 6

Pairing of two receptor hormone complexes

Question 7

Direct hormones

Answer 7

Secreted and act directly on a target tissue

Question 8

Tropic hormones

Answer 8

Require intermediary to act

Question 9

Endocrine glands

Answer 9

• Hypothalamus
• pituitary
• thyroid
• parathyroid
• adrenal glands
• pancreas
• gonads
• pineal gland

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Answer 10

Bridge between nervous and endocrine systems
- Located in forebrain

Question 11

Negative feedback

Answer 11

Hormone later in pathway inhibits hormones earlier in pathway

Question 12

Anterior pituitary (hypophysis)

Answer 12

Synthesizes and secretes 4 tropic and 3 direct hormones
Tropic: FSH and LH, ACTH, TSH
Direct: Prolactin, endorphins, and GH

Question 13

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 13

Promotes the development of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis

Question 14

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 14

Promotes ovulation and testosterone production

Question 15

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 15

Promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

Question 16

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 16

Promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine

Question 17

Prolactin

Answer 17

Promotes milk production

Question 18

Endorphins

Answer 18

Decrease this perception of pain

Question 19

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 19

Promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues
- Increases blood glucose concentrations

Question 20

Posterior pituitary

Answer 20

Releases 2 hormones produced in the hypothalamus
- ADH
- Oxytocin

Question 21

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)

Answer 21

Secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity
- increases the reabsorption of water and the collecting duct of the nephron
- increases blood volume and decreases blood osmolarity

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

Secreted during childbirth and promotes uterine contractions
- It also promotes milk ejection and may be involved in bonding behavior
- It is unusual in that it has a positive feedback loop

Question 23

Thyroid

Answer 23

Located at the base of the neck in front of the trachea; It produces three key hormones
- T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 24

Triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (T4)

Answer 24

Produced by follicular cells and contain iodine
- increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids.
- required for proper neurological and physical development

Question 25

Calcitonin

Answer 25

Produced by parafollicular cells - decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in bone

Question 26

Parathyroid

Answer 26

Release parathyroid hormone which increases blood calcium concentration

Question 27

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 27

Decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys and increases bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium - activates vitamin D - promotes resorption of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney

Question 28

Adrenal cortex

Answer 28

Produces 3 classes of steroid hormones - Glucocorticoids - Mineralocorticoids - Cortical sex hormones

Question 29

Glucocorticoids

Answer 29

Increase blood glucose, decrease protein synthesis, inhibit immune system, and participate in the stress response - release stimulated by ACTH - cortisol and cortisone

Question 30

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 30

Promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing water reabsorption. - Regulated by the renin angiotensin aldosterone system - Aldosterone

Question 31

Cortical sex hormones

Answer 31

Include androgens and estrogens

Question 32

Adrenal medulla

Answer 32

Derived from the nervous system and secrets catecholamines into the bloodstream

Question 33

Catecholamines

Answer 33

Include epinephrine and norepinephrine - promote glycogenolysis, increase the basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate, dilate the bronchi, and alter blood flow

Question 34

Pancreas

Answer 34

produces hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis - Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

Question 35

Glucagon

Answer 35

Produced by α-cells - increase blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 36

Insulin

Answer 36

Produced by β-cells - decrease blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen fat and protein synthesis

Question 37

Somatostatin

Answer 37

Produced by δ-cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 38

Gonads

Answer 38

Produce hormones that are involved in the development and maintenance of the reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics - testes and ovaries

Question 39

Testes

Answer 39

Secrete testosterone

Question 40

Ovaries

Answer 40

Secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 41

Pineal gland

Answer 41

Releases melatonin which helps to regulate circadian rhythms

Question 42

Erythropoietin

Answer 42

Secreted by kidneys - stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

Question 43

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 43

Secreted by atria - promotes excretion of salt and water in the kidneys and the response to stretching of the atria

Question 44

Thymosin

Answer 44

Secreted by the thymus - important for T- cell development and differentiation