Chapter 1 - The Cell

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

4 tenets
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cell is basic functional unit of life
- Cells arise from preexisting cells
- Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA that is passed from parent to daughter cell

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Contain nucleus enclosed in a membrane

Question 3

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 3

No nucleus
- Single celled

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Contains genetic info
- Surrounded by nuclear membrane

Question 5

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope

Answer 5

Double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

Question 6

Nuclear Pores

Answer 6

Allow selective 2-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Question 7

Genes

Answer 7

Coding regions in DNA

Question 8

Nucleolus

Answer 8

Site of ribsomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

Powerhouse of the cell

Question 10

Outer Membrane of Mitochondria

Answer 10

Barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondrion

Question 11

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

Answer 11

Arranged into cristae; contains molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain

Question 12

Intermembrane Space

Answer 12

Space between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria

Question 13

Matrix

Answer 13

Space inside of inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 14

Cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

Answer 14

Transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

Question 15

Apoptosis

Answer 15

Programmed cell death

Question 16

Lysosomes

Answer 16

Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates

Question 17

Endosomes

Answer 17

Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

Question 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 18

Series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope

Question 19

Rough ER

Answer 19

Studded with ribosomes, which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

Question 20

Smooth ER

Answer 20

lacks ribosomes and is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs

Question 21

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 21

Package and secretion of proteins and other molecules produced intracellularly

Question 22

Peroxisomes

Answer 22

Breakdown of long chain fatty acids via B-oxidation
- Synthesis of phospholipids

Question 23

Cytoskeleton

Answer 23

Provides structure to cell and helps maintain shape
- 3 components

Question 24

Microfilaments

Answer 24

Small polymerized rods of actin that participate in muscle contraction, movement of material within the cellular membrane, and amoeboid movement

Question 25

Microtubules

Answer 25

Small hollow tubes composed of 2 types of protein subunits - Allow vesicle movement in the cell

Question 26

Cilia

Answer 26

Projections from cell involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell

Question 27

Flagella

Answer 27

Structures involved in the movement of the cell itself

Question 28

Centrioles

Answer 28

Organizing center for microtubules

Question 29

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 29

Cover body and line cavities providing protection - Constitute parenchyma

Question 30

Simple Epithelia

Answer 30

1 layer of cells

Question 31

Stratified Epithelia

Answer 31

Multiple layers of cells

Question 32

Pseudostratified Epithelia

Answer 32

Appear to have multiple layers, but only have 1

Question 33

Connective Tissuse

Answer 33

Supports body and provides framework for epithelial cells to carry out their functions - Contribute to stroma

Question 34

Nucleoid Region

Answer 34

Location in prokaryotic cells where the chromosome is found

Question 35

Archae

Answer 35

Single-celled organisms visually similar to bacteria, but contain genes and pathways similar to eukaryotes - Alternative sources of energy - Divide by binary fission

Question 36

Bacteria

Answer 36

Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm; some have flagella or fimbriae - 3 shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilli)

Question 37

Mutualistic Symbiotes

Answer 37

Both humans and bacteria benefit

Question 38

Pathogens/Parasites

Answer 38

No advantage to host ---> cause disease

Question 39

Obligate aerobes

Answer 39

Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

Question 40

Anaerobes

Answer 40

Bacteria that does not require oxygen

Question 41

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 41

Cannot survive in oxygen-containing environment

Question 42

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 42

Can switch between metabolic processes

Question 43

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 43

Unable to use oxygen for metabolism

Question 44

Chemotaxis

Answer 44

Ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

Question 45

Plasmids

Answer 45

small, circular structures that carry DNA acquired from external sources

Question 46

Lag phase

Answer 46

Bacteria adapt to new environment

Question 47

Exponential phase

Answer 47

Rate of division increases, causing exponential growth in the number of bacteria in the colony

Question 48

Stationary phase

Answer 48

Resources reduced, reproduction slows

Question 49

Death phase

Answer 49

Depletion of resources

Question 50

Capsid

Answer 50

Protein coat; may be surrounded by envelope composed of phospholipids and virus-specific proteins

Question 51

Bacteriophages

Answer 51

Viruses that target bacteria