Chapter 11 - Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Three types of muscle

Answer 1

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Question 2

Skeletal muscle

Answer 2

Involved in support and movement, propulsion of blood in the venous system, and thermoregulation
- Appear striated
- Under voluntary (somatic) control
- Polynucleated

Question 3

Red (slow-twitch) fibers

Answer 3

Carry out oxidative phosphorylation
- Contract slowly, sustainable

Question 4

White (fast- twitch) fibers

Answer 4

Rely on anaerobic metabolism
- Contract rapidly, fatigue

Question 5

Smooth muscle

Answer 5

In the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, and digestive systems
- Appears non-striated
- Under involuntary (autonomic) control
- Uninucleated

Question 6

Myogenic activity

Answer 6

Contraction without neural input

Question 7

Cardiac muscle

Answer 7

Comprises the contractile tissue of the heart
- Appears striated
- Autonomic control
- Uninucleated

Question 8

Sarcomere

Answer 8

Basic contractile unit of striated muscle
- Made of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

Question 9

Troponin and tropomyosin

Answer 9

Found on the thin filament and regulate actin myosin interactions

Question 10

Titin

Answer 10

Anchors actin and myosin filaments together

Question 11

Z-lines

Answer 11

Define boundaries of each sarcomere

Question 12

M-line

Answer 12

Located in the middle of the sarcomere

Question 13

I-band

Answer 13

Contains only thin filaments

Question 14

H- zone

Answer 14

Consists of only thick filaments

Question 15

A- Band

Answer 15

Contains the thick filaments in their entirety
- Only part of the sarcomere that maintains a constant size during contraction

Question 16

Myocytes

Answer 16

Muscle cells

Question 17

Myofibrils

Answer 17

Sarcomeres attached end to end

Question 18

Sarcolemma

Answer 18

Cell membrane of myocyte

Question 19

Simple twitch

Answer 19

All or nothing response exhibited by muscle cells

Question 20

Frequency summation

Answer 20

Addition of multiple simple twitches before the muscle has an opportunity to full relax

Question 21

Endoskeletons

Answer 21

Internal skeletons

Question 22

Exoskeletons

Answer 22

External skeletons

Question 23

Axial skeleton

Answer 23

Consists of structures in the midline such as the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone

Question 24

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 24

Consists of the bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvis

Question 25

Compact bone

Answer 25

Provides strength and is dense

Question 26

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Answer 26

Lattice-like structure consisting of trabeculae

Question 27

Trabeculae

Answer 27

Bony spicules

Question 28

Long bones

Answer 28

Characterized by cylindrical shafts called diaphyses that swell at each end to form metaphyses, and that terminate in epiphyses

Question 29

Epiphyseal growth plate

Answer 29

Cartilaginous structure and site of longitudinal growth

Question 30

Periosteum

Answer 30

Fibrous sheath surrounding long bone to protect it

Question 31

Tendons

Answer 31

Attach muscle to bone

Question 32

Ligaments

Answer 32

Hold bones together at joints

Question 33

Bone matrix

Answer 33

Organic and inorganic components - Strength of compact bone

Question 34

Lamellae

Answer 34

Concentric circles of bony matrix surrounding central microscopic channel

Question 35

Haversian canals

Answer 35

Longitudinal channels - Axis parallel to bone

Question 36

Volkmann’s canals

Answer 36

Transverse channels - Axis perpendicular to bone

Question 37

Osteocytes

Answer 37

Mature bone cells

Question 38

Endochondral ossification

Answer 38

Hardening of cartilage into bone

Question 39

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 39

Undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone

Question 40

Osteoblasts

Answer 40

Build bone

Question 41

Osteoclasts

Answer 41

Reabsorb bone

Question 42

Immovable joints

Answer 42

Fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints

Question 43

Movable joints

Answer 43

Strengthened by ligaments and contain synovial capsule

Question 44

Synovial fluid

Answer 44

Aids in motion by lubricating the joint

Question 45

Antagonistic pairs

Answer 45

one relaxes while other contracts

Question 46

Flexor

Answer 46

Decreases angle across a joint

Question 47

Extensor

Answer 47

Increases or straightens angle

Question 48

Abductor

Answer 48

Moves part of body away from midline

Question 49

Adductor

Answer 49

Moves part of body toward midline

Question 50

Medial rotation

Answer 50

Rotates axis toward midline

Question 51

Lateral rotation

Answer 51

Rotates axis away from midline