Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 1

established that some infant animals imprint

Question 2

attachment

Answer 2

the reciprocal relationship between child and caregiver

Question 3

Harry Harlow

Answer 3

research with monkeys and attachment; food wire mother + padded mother, found that they spent hte most time with the padded mother and that touch is important to ttachment

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 4

created strange situations for human children by having their parents walk away and then come back; researched secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent attachments

Question 5

secure attachments

Answer 5

66% of participants; explored novel environment while parents were present, distressed when they leave, come to parents when they return

Question 6

avoidant attachments

Answer 6

21% resist being held by parents and will explore the novel environment, but do not seek comfort afterward

Question 7

anxious attachments

Answer 7

12% have ambivalent reactions

Question 8

Diana Baumrind

Answer 8

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive parenting

Question 9

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 9

zone of proximal development; range of tasks that child can perform independently

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital stages

Question 11

Erik Erikson

Answer 11

psychosocial stage theory

Question 12

psychosocial stage theory

Answer 12

trust v mistrust; autonomy v shame and doubt; intiative v guilt; industry v inferiority; identity v role confusion; intimicy v isolation; generativity v stagnation; integrity v despair

Question 13

stage 1 of psychosocial development

Answer 13

trust v mistrust; stage 1 of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development; babies learn whether or not they can trust their caregivers and the world

Question 14

stage 2 of psychosocial development

Answer 14

autonomy v shame and doubt; toddlers begin to exert their will over their own bodies

Question 15

stage 3 of psychosocial development

Answer 15

initiative v guilt; feel natural curiosity about their surroundings

Question 16

stage 4 of psychosocial development

Answer 16

industry v inferiority; beginning of formal education, begin to be evaluated through our work, develop superiority/inferiority complexes

Question 17

stage 5 of psychosocial development

Answer 17

identity v role confusion; adolescence, identity crisis

Question 18

stage 6 of psychosocial development

Answer 18

intimacy v isolation; figure out how to balance ties between school/work/career/family, figure out romantic relationships etc

Question 19

stage 7

Answer 19

generativity v stagnation, figure out whether or not we’re successful, look critically at our life path and figure out what we’re doing

Question 20

stage 8 of psychosocial development

Answer 20

integrity v despair; whether or not we’re happy with our lives

Question 21

Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Answer 21

sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational

Question 22

stage 1 of piaget’s cognitive development theory

Answer 22

sensorimotor stage, ~2 years old, reflexes/object permanence/stick stuff in mouth

Question 23

preoperational stage

Answer 23

2 - 7 y/o; use symbols to represent real world objects, like language; children are egocentric in this stage

Question 24

concrete operational

Answer 24

8 - 12 y/o; concepts of conservation, conservation of volume, area, number

Question 25

formal operational

Answer 25

12 - adult; hypothesis testing, a person in formal operational stage can reason from a hypothesis, like “what would you be like if you were born on another planet?” we could begin to answer this question; begin to display metacognition, or thinking about how we think

Question 26

metacognition

Answer 26

thinking about how we think

Question 27

information-processing model of child development

Answer 27

we develop cognition abilities continuously, like attention span.

Question 28

lawrence kohlberg

Answer 28

worked with moral development; preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 29

Carol Gilligan

Answer 29

challenged kohlberg’s theory of moral development because it was based on boys and girls reach conclusions in a different manner