Chapter 10: Personality Flashcards
personality
unique attitudes, perspectives and emotions that define a person
type a
work hard play hard; super conscious of deadlines; easily angered
type b
relaxed, easygoing
freud’s theory on personality
oral can lead to fixation; anal to retentive or expulsive; phallic to penis envy or castration anxiety
anal-expulsive personality
messy, disorganized, stuck in anal stage
anal-retentive personality
meticulously neat and organized
fixation in the phallic stage
people who are unnecessarily sexually assured/aggressive; or consumed by perceived sexual inadequacies
freud’s sections of personality
id, ego, superego
id
is in the unconscious and contains life instincts (eros) and death instincts (thanatos)
pleasure principle
id chases immediate gratification
ego
mediates between internal id and external environment/superego
superego
sense of right and wrong, conscience.
reality principle
ego mediates between internal desires and external realities
defense mechanisms
repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation
repression
blocking thoughts out, “who is muffy?”
denial
not accepting the ego-threatening truth; “we have a date next week,”
displacement
redirecting emotions; anger at a teacher may be redirected to a classmate
projection
insisting that your feelings for someone else are actually their feelings for you; muffy still loves me!
reaction formation
saying the opposite of what you truly feel; i hate muffy!
regression
regressing to an earlier, comforting behavior, like sleeping with a stuffed animal
rationalization
coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable consequence; at least I can have free time or something
intellectualization
undertaking academic study of a topic
sublimation
channeling emotions to a different goal, devotes himself to doing other stuff
Karen Horney & Nancy Chodorow
posited the idea of womb envy, or that men are jealous of women’s reproductive capabilities; and challenges the idea that men are superior to women or have stronger superegos
Carl Jung
psychodynamic theorist; theorized personal and collective unconscious; personal unconscious contains repressed thoughts and memories; collective unconscious is the personality that’s passed down in the culture
Alfred Adler
downplayed importance of unconscious and played up the ego; inferiority is the fear of being inferior; superiority as desire to achieve
trait theorists
believe that we can describe people through their personalities
nomothetic approach
we can use all the same criteria to define personalities
Raymond Cattell
16 factor personality test
Hans Eyesenck
extraversion-intraversion; stable-unstable
Paul Costa & Robert McCrae
5-factor personality test; extraversion, stability, aggreeableness, conscientiousness, openness
idiographic theorists
each person is unique and we can’t use the nomothetic approach
Gordon Allport
posits that there are a small percentage of people that are defined by one trait, called cardinal dispositions; central dispositions also act a major part and secondary dispositions play a minor role
Hippocrates
thought that personality was controlled by 4 humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm
William Sheldon’s somatotype theory
endomorphs, ectomorphs, mesomorphs body type gives you a personality type
BF Skinner
emphasized the role of environment in personality,
reciprocal determinism
environment, traits and behavior interact and reinforce each other; i.e. reciprocal determinism
self-efficacy
the degree to which you can expect to get things done; high self-efficacy means that you have a high self-esteem in terms of things you think you can do
George Kelly
personal-construct theory & fundamental postulte
personal construct theory
people view their worlds in terms of a series of opposites; fair-unfair, exciting-dull
fundamental postulate
people act in terms of their constructs and by knowing their past actions we can predict their future actions
bandura
self-efficacy
Julian Rotter
theorized hte idea of locus of control
internal locus of control
hard work leads to success, i determine my own future
external locus of control
factors like luck and things determine our success
third force
humanistic approach
humanistic approach
rejects determinism and substitutes free will, our ability to choose our own actions; self concept, self-esteem
self-concept
global view of how we perceive ourself
unconditional positive regard
Carl Rogers’s theory that we need unconditional acceptance in order to reach self actualization
projective tests
like the rorschach inkblot tests, ask people to interpret random stimuli
thematic approach test
TAT, giving cards with random scenes and asking them to describe it
self-report inventories
surveys for people to evaluate themselves
MMPI-2
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
Barnum effect
there’s a sucker born every minute, ability to see ourselves as stock descriptions of personality and fall prey to fortune tellers and astrologists
