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Psychology > Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

transduction

A

transformation of sensory stimuli into neural impulses

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2
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation

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3
Q

sensory habituation

A

our perception of sensations is partially due to how focused we are on them

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4
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A

suddenly focusing on your name even if it’s said across the room at a cocktail party

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5
Q

rods

A

detect black and white

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6
Q

cones

A

detect color

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7
Q

fovea

A

center of retina, high density of cones;

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8
Q

optic chiasm

A

area where optic nerve joins the eye, blind spot

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9
Q

bipolar cells

A

layer under rods/cones that fires if provided enough stimulation

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10
Q

ganglion cells

A

cells that form the optic nerve, fire if the bipolar cells fire and lead straight to the lateral geniculate nucleus

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11
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

area in the thalamus where optic signals are sent

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12
Q

optic chiasm

A

spot where optic nerves cross

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13
Q

feature detectors

A

different groups of neurons respond to different types of visual images, i.e. curves/lines/circles

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14
Q

David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

A

discovered the presence of feature detectors

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15
Q

gate control theory

A

only one message can be sent at a time and higher priority messages (pain) can override lower priority ones (itchiness) and endorphins can ‘close’ the ‘gate’ too

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16
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

receive particles of smell stuff and transmit it to the brain

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17
Q

olfactory bulb

A

receives messages from the olfactory receptor cells

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18
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance of our whole body

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19
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

sense of where our individual body parts are oriented

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20
Q

difference threshold

A

just-noticeable difference; smallest amount a stimulus must change before the difference is noticeable

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21
Q

Weber-Fechner Law

A

Weber’s law; change needed to cross the difference threshold is proportionate to the intensity of the stimulus

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22
Q

Ernst Weber

A

Weber’s law; just-noticeable difference

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23
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

worked with WEber in creating Weber’s law

24
Q

signal detection theory

A

tries to determine which stimulus we will pay attention to out of competing stimuli

25
Q

response criteria

A

factors that will determine whether or not you detect a signla

26
Q

false positive

A

when we think we see something that actually isn’t there

27
Q

false negative

A

when we don’t see something that is actually there

28
Q

top-down processing

A

using background knowledge to fill gaps in perception

29
Q

bottom-up processing

A

relying on evidence to form an opinion

30
Q

schemata

A

mental representations of how we perceive the world to be

31
Q

perceptual set

A

perceiving something in a certain way

32
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

distinction made between an object and its background

33
Q

gestalt rules

A

proximity, continuity, similarity, closure

34
Q

proximity

A

how close things are together; objects closer together are perceived to be grouped together

35
Q

continuity

A

objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging together

36
Q

similarity

A

objects of similar size/shape/color appearance are seen as more similar

37
Q

closure

A

objects that form an image are more likely to be grouped together

38
Q

constancy

A

size, shape, brightness; ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in light/position

39
Q

size constancy

A

objects close ot us look bigger but size constancy allows us to realize they are not actually bigger

40
Q

brightness constancy

A

perceive objects as being a constant color even as reflecting light changes color

41
Q

shape constancy

A

knowing that a coffee mug is circular even though it may appear elliptical from another perspective

42
Q

stroboscopic effect

A

a series of pictures will appear to be moving if presented in a certain speed

43
Q

phi phenomenon

A

series of lightbulbs turned on and off at a certain rate will appear to be a moving thing of light

44
Q

autokinetic effect

A

if a light is steadily pointed at a blank wall/screen it will appear to move if you stare long enough

45
Q

Eleanor Gibson

A

did the visual-cliff experiment with babies and concluded that we are able to perceive depth from a very young age

46
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues that do not rely on having binocular vision; linear perspective, relative size cues, interposition, texture gradient

47
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that rely on having binocular vision; binocular disparity, convergence

48
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines that extend to the edge of a page would appear to converge; railroad tracks

49
Q

relative size cue

A

objects closer to the viewer appear larger than faraway objects

50
Q

interposition cue

A

objects closer to us block out pieces of objects behind us

51
Q

texture gradient

A

things are more detailed when they are close to us

52
Q

shadowing

A

provides a cue to light source and shadow

53
Q

retinal disparity

A

a faraway object causes the eyes to receive the same message/picture; a closeby object causes disparate images to appear

54
Q

convergence

A

as an object moves closer to us, we become more crosseyed trying to look at it, and this gives a perception of near/far

55
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

a line with right angles looks longer than a line with arrowheads on the end; because of architecture with right angles

Psychology (11 decks)

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