Chapter 9- Consciousness

Question 0

Conscious level

Answer 0

The level at which mental activities that people are normally aware of occur.

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Awareness of external stimuli and one’a own mental activity.

Question 2

Nonconscious level

Answer 2

A level of mental activity that is inaccessible to conscious awareness.

Question 3

Preconscious level

Answer 3

A level of mental activity that is not currently conscious but of which we can easily become conscious.

Question 4

Unconscious level

Answer 4

A level of mental activity that influences consciousness but is not conscious.

Question 5

Consciousness state

Answer 5

The characteristics of consciousness at any particular moment.

Question 6

Altered state of consciousness

Answer 6

A condition in which changes in mental processes are extensive enough that a person or others notice significant differences in psychological and behavioral functioning.

Question 7

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

Answer 7

Sleep stages 1,2,3, and 4; they are accompanied by gradually slower and deeper breathing, a calm and regular heartbeat, reduced blood pressure, and slower brain waves. (Stages 3 and 4 are called slow-wave sleep.)

Question 8

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 8

A stage of sleep in which brain activity and other functions resemble the waking state but that is accomplished by rapid eye movements and virtual muscle paralysis.

Question 9

Circadian rhythm (human biological rhythm)

Answer 9

A cycle, such as waking and sleeping, that repeats about once a day.

Question 10

Jet lag

Answer 10

A syndrome of fatigue, irritability, in attention, and sleeping problems caused by air travel across several time zones.

Question 11

Insomnia

Answer 11

A sleep disorder involving difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep at night.

Question 12

Narcolepsy

Answer 12

A daytime sleep disorder in which a person shifts abruptly from an active, often emotional, waking state into several minutes of REM sleep.

Question 13

Sleep apnea

Answer 13

A sleep disorder in which people briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night.

Question 14

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 14

A disorder in which a sleeping baby stops breathing and suffocates.

Question 15

Nightmare

Answer 15

A frightening dream that takes place during REM sleep.

Question 16

Sleep Terror disorder (night terrors)

Answer 16

The occurrence of horrific dream images during stage 4 sleep, followed by rapid awakening in a state of intense fear.

Question 17

Sleepwalking

Answer 17

A phenomenon primarily occurring in non-REM sleep in which people walk while asleep.

Question 18

REM behavior disorder

Answer 18

A sleep disorder in which a person does not lose muscle tone during REM sleep, allowing the person to act out dreams.

Question 19

Dreaming

Answer 19

The experience of storyline sequences of images, sensations, and perceptions occurring mainly during REM sleep.

Question 20

Lucid dreaming

Answer 20

Awareness that a dream is a dream while it is happening.

Question 21

Hypnosis

Answer 21

A phenomenon brought on by special induction techniques and characterized by varying degrees of responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience and behavior.

Question 22

Hypnotic susceptibility

Answer 22

The degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestions.

Question 23

State theories of hypnosis

Answer 23

Theories proposing that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.

Question 24

No state theories of hypnosis

Answer 24

Theories, such as role theory, proposing that hypnosis does not create an altered state of consciousness.

Question 25

Psychoactive drug

Answer 25

A substance that acts on the brain to cause some psychological effect.

Question 26

Psychopharmacology

Answer 26

The study of psychoactive drugs and their effects.

Question 27

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 27

A feature of blood vessels supplying the brain that allows only certain substances to leave the blood and interact with brain tissue.

Question 28

Agonist

Answer 28

A drug that mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter that normally binds to a neural receptor.

Question 29

Antagonist

Answer 29

A drug that binds to a receptor and prevents the normal neurotransmitter from binding.

Question 30

Drug abuse

Answer 30

The self-administration of psychoactive drugs In ways that deviate from cultural norms and cause serious problems for the user.

Question 31

Addiction

Answer 31

Development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug.

Question 32

Drug withdrawal

Answer 32

Symptoms associated with discontinuing the use of a habit-forming substance.

Question 33

Drug tolerance

Answer 33

A condition in which increasingly larger drug doses are needed to produce a given effect.

Question 34

CNS depressant drug

Answer 34

Psychoactive drugs that inhibit the functioning of the central nervous system.

Question 35

CNS stimulating drugs

Answer 35

Psychoactive drugs that have the ability to increase behavioral and mental activity.

Question 36

Opiates

Answer 36

Psychoactive drugs, such as opium, morphine, and heroin, that produce sleep-inducing and pain-relieving effects.

Question 37

Hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 37

Psychoactive drugs that later consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion, perception, and thought.