Chapter 14- Personality

Question 0

Psychodynamic approach

Answer 0

Freud’s view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes.

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others.

Question 2

Id

Answer 2

The unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges.

Question 3

Libido

Answer 3

The psychic energy contained in the id.

Question 4

Pleasure principle

Answer 4

The id’s operating principle, which guides people toward whatever feels good.

Question 5

Ego

Answer 5

The part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world.

Question 6

Reality principle

Answer 6

The operating principle of the ego that creates compromises between the id’s demand and those of the real world.

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

The component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do.

Question 8

Defense mechanisms

Answer 8

Psychological responses that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt.

Question 9

Psychosexual development

Answer 9

Periods of personality development in which, according to Freud, conflicts focus on particular issues.

Question 10

Oral stage

Answer 10

The first of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which the mouth is the center of pleasure and conflict.

Question 11

Anal stage

Answer 11

The second stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which the focus on pleasure and conflict shifts from the mouth to the anus.

Question 12

Phallic stage

Answer 12

The third stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts to the genital area.

Question 13

Oedipal complex

Answer 13

A pattern described by Freud in which a boy has a sexual desire for his mother and wants to eliminate his father’s competition for her attention.

Question 14

Electra complex

Answer 14

A pattern described in which a young girl develops an attachment to her father and competes with her mother for his attention.

Question 15

Latency period

Answer 15

The fourth of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which sexual impulses lie dormant.

Question 16

Genital stage

Answer 16

The last of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, which begins during adolescence, when sexual impulses appear at the conscious level.

Question 17

Trait approach

Answer 17

The view that personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations.

Question 18

Five-factor personality model (Big Five Model)

Answer 18

A view based on factor-analytic studies suggesting the existence of five basic components of human personality: openness, conscietiousness, extraversion, agreeableness,and neuroticism.

Question 19

Social-cognitive approach

Answer 19

The view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior.

Question 20

Functional analysis

Answer 20

Analyzing behavior by studying what responses occur under what conditions of operant reward and punishment.

Question 21

Self-efficacy

Answer 21

According to Albert Bandura, learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations.

Question 22

Humanistic psychological approach

Answer 22

The view that personality develops through an actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person’s unique perceptions of the world.

Question 23

Actualizing tendency

Answer 23

According to Carl Rogers, an innate inclination toward growth that motivates all people.

Question 24

Self-concept

Answer 24

The way one thinks of oneself.

Question 25

Conditions of Worth

Answer 25

According to Carl Rogers, the feelings an individual experiences when an evaluation is applied to the person rather than to the person’s behavior.

Question 26

Deficiency motivation

Answer 26

According to Abraham Maslow, a preoccupation with perceived needs for things a person does not have.

Question 27

Growth motivation

Answer 27

According to Aberham Maslow, a tendency to draw satisfaction from hat is available in life, rather than to focus on what is missing.

Question 28

Projective personality measures

Answer 28

Personality assessments made up of ambiguous stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many different ways.

Question 29

Nonprojective personality measures

Answer 29

Paper-and-pencil tests containing direct, unambiguous items relating to the personality of the individual being assessed.