Chapter 14- Personality Flashcards
Psychodynamic approach
Freud’s view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes.
Personality
The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others.
Id
The unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges.
Libido
The psychic energy contained in the id.
Pleasure principle
The id’s operating principle, which guides people toward whatever feels good.
Ego
The part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world.
Reality principle
The operating principle of the ego that creates compromises between the id’s demand and those of the real world.
Superego
The component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do.
Defense mechanisms
Psychological responses that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt.
Psychosexual development
Periods of personality development in which, according to Freud, conflicts focus on particular issues.
Oral stage
The first of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which the mouth is the center of pleasure and conflict.
Anal stage
The second stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which the focus on pleasure and conflict shifts from the mouth to the anus.
Phallic stage
The third stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts to the genital area.
Oedipal complex
A pattern described by Freud in which a boy has a sexual desire for his mother and wants to eliminate his father’s competition for her attention.
Electra complex
A pattern described in which a young girl develops an attachment to her father and competes with her mother for his attention.
Latency period
The fourth of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, in which sexual impulses lie dormant.
Genital stage
The last of Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development, which begins during adolescence, when sexual impulses appear at the conscious level.
Trait approach
The view that personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations.
Five-factor personality model (Big Five Model)
A view based on factor-analytic studies suggesting the existence of five basic components of human personality: openness, conscietiousness, extraversion, agreeableness,and neuroticism.
Social-cognitive approach
The view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior.
Functional analysis
Analyzing behavior by studying what responses occur under what conditions of operant reward and punishment.
Self-efficacy
According to Albert Bandura, learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations.
Humanistic psychological approach
The view that personality develops through an actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person’s unique perceptions of the world.
Actualizing tendency
According to Carl Rogers, an innate inclination toward growth that motivates all people.
