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Psychology > Chapter 8-Cognition and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 8-Cognition and Language Flashcards

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0
Q

Information-processing system

A

Mechanisms for receiving information, representing it with symbols, and manipulating it.

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1
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of the mental processes by which information from the environment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and communicated to others.

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2
Q

Thinking

A

The manipulation of mental representations.

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3
Q

Reaction time

A

The time between the presentation of a stimulus and an overt response to it.

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4
Q

Evoked potential

A

A small, temporary change in EEG voltage in the brain that is caused by some stimulus.

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5
Q

Concept

A

A category of objects, events, or ideas that have common properties.

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6
Q

Natural concept (natural category)

A

A concept that has no fixed set of defining features but has a set of characteristic features.

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7
Q

Prototype

A

A member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristic features.

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8
Q

Proposition

A

A mental representation of the relationship between concepts.

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9
Q

Schemas

A

Generalizations about categories of objects, places, events, and people.

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10
Q

Script

A

A mental representation of a familiar sequence of activity.

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11
Q

Mental model

A

A representation of particular situations or arrangements of objects that guides our interaction with them.

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12
Q

Image

A

A mental representation of visual information.

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13
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental model of familiar parts of the environment.

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14
Q

Reasoning

A

The process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and reach conclusions about them.

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15
Q

Formal reasoning

A

The process of following a set of rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions.

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16
Q

Algorithm

A

A systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem if a solution exists.

17
Q

Logic

A

A system of formulas for drawing valid conclusions.

18
Q

Syllogism

A

An argument made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclusion based on those premises.

19
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one’s hypothesis than to evidence that refutes that hypothesis.

20
Q

Informal reasoning

A

The process of evaluating a conclusion, theory, or course of action on the basis of the believability of evidence.

21
Q

Heuristic

A

A time-saving mental shortcut used in reasoning.

22
Q

Anchoring heuristic (anchoring bias)

A

A mental shortcut that involves basing judgements on existing information.

23
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class.

24
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A mental shortcut in which judgements are based on information that is most easily brought to mind.

25
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist, even when they might not be the best ones available.

26
Q

Functional fixedness

A

A tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways.

27
Q

Artificial intelligence (AI)

A

The field that studies how to program computers to imitate the products of human perception, understanding, and thought.

28
Q

Utility

A

A subjective measure of value.

29
Q

Expected value

A

The total benefit to be expected if a decision decision were to be repeated several times.

30
Q

Language

A

Symbols and a set of rules for combining them that provide a vehicle for communication.

31
Q

Grammar

A

A set of rules for combining the words used in a given language.

32
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech.

33
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of language that has meaning.

34
Q

Syntax

A

The set of rules that govern the formation of phrases and sentences in a language.

35
Q

Semantics

A

Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences.

36
Q

Surface structure

A

The order in which words are arranged in sentences.

37
Q

Deep structure

A

An abstract representation of the underlying meaning of a given sentence.

38
Q

Infant vocalizations (babblings)

A

The first sounds infants make that resemble speech.

39
Q

One-word stage

A

A stage of language development during which children tend to use one word at a time.

Psychology (8 decks)

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