Chapter 9 - Cognition & Intelligence Flashcards
capacity to reason, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge
intelligence
mental activities associated with sensation, perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
level of ability typical of a child the same chronological age
mental age
a person’s potential ability
aptitude
a person’s knowledge and progress
acheivement
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
IQ=100 x mental age / chronological age
common factor that underlies certain mental abilities according to Charles Spearman
general intelligence
refers to the entire skill set of general intelligence that encompasses a range of abilitites
g set
Raymond Cattell’s says intelligence is not a single entity but instead has these different types
fluid intelligence-ability to process information and act accordingly
crystallized intelligence-mental ability derived directly from previous experience
strong _____ is related to higher intelligence
central executive functioning-set of mental processes that governs goals, strategies, and coordination of the mind’s activities
person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
prodigy
rare disorder when a person of below average intelligence has an extraordinary ability
savant
occasionally accompanies autism
type of intelligence generally assessed by intelligence tests
analytic intelligence
ability to find many solutions to complicated or poorly defined problems and use them in practical situations
practical intelligence
intelligence that helps you adapt to new situations, come up with new ideas and solutions
creative intelligence
describes flexible ability to grow and change
plasticity
mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people
concepts
time it takes a person to perceive and compare stimuli
perceptual speed
leveled or ranked categorization of concept categories based on particular features
hierarchy
category car might have the heirarchies fuel efficient, sedan
mental image or typical example that exhibits all the features associated with a concept
prototype
Gardeners 8 multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical/mathematical, spacial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
theories about how we use concepts and categories
family resemblance theory, exemplar theory
theories about how we use concepts and categories
family resemblance theory, exemplar theory
theory that we put items into certain categories if they share certain characteristics, even if not every member has same features
family resemblance theory
problem solving states
initial state-incomplete info
set of operations
goal state-complete info
theory that we make category judgments by comparing new things with examples of old things we remember that fit that category
exemplar theory
preexisting state of mind that a person uses to solve problems because that state has helped the person solve similar problems in the past
mental set
helpful for simple tasks but might interfere with problem solving
bias that limits ability to think in unconventional ways
functional fixedness
types of reasoning
practical, theoretical/discursive, syllogistic, deductive, inductive
type of reasoning in which a person considers what to do or how to act
practical reasoning
type of reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief or conclusion, rather than a practical decision
theoretical reasoning / discursive reasoning
type of reasoning in which a person decides whether a conclusion logically follows from two or more statements that are assumed true
syllogistic reasoning
pattern of logic in which a conclusion is made based on two or more premises
syllogism
type of deductive reasoning
method of using specific examples to arrive at a general conclusion
inductive reasoning
top down method of arriving at specific conclusion based on broader premises
deductive reasoning
tendency to think you are more knowledgeable or accurate than you actually are
overconfidence
errors in reasoning
overconfidence, belief bias, heuristics, confirmation bias, conjunction fallacy
erroneous belief that you knew something all along after an event has occured
hindsight bias
tendency to continue believing something even when presented with evidence refuting that belief
belief preserverance
effect that occurs when beliefs distort logical thinking
belief bias
informal rules that make decision making processes quick and simple
heuristics
type of heuristic that tells a person that if examples of an event come to mind easily then that event must be common
availability heuristic
phenomenon that causes people to believe that additional info increases the probability that a statement is true, even though it just makes it more restrictive and less likely to be true
the conjunction fallacy
tendency to look for evidence that proves a belief and to ignore evidence that opposes it
confirmation bias
process of selecting and rejecting available options
decision making
describes the perspective from which people interpret info before making a decision
framing
state of attempting to avoid making any decision at all
decision aversion
theories of decision making
rational choice theory, prospect theory
theory that people make a decision by determining how likely and valuable each outcome is
rational choice theory
neurotransmitter that helps people make decisions that lead to good outcomes and avoid bad ones
dopamine
parts of the brain that inhibit pleasurable responses so people can avoid making decisions that feel good but are actually bad for them
executive control system
neurotransmitter that helps people make decisions that lead to outcomes that feel good and avoid outcomes that feel bad (good doesn’t mean it’s the best choice)
dopamine
area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that helps people adhere to social and behavioral rules; role in linking behavior to potential consequences
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that initiates a person’s behavior; it can also shift or inhibit behavior based on decisions the person makes
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that helps control behavior; involved in the perception of physical pain
anterior cingulate cortex
area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that plays a critical role in directing attention during the decision making process
parietal cortex
act of applying the mind selectively to a sense or thought
attention
4 executive control systems of brain
ventromedial prefrontal (social rules, consequences), dorsolateral prefrontal (initiates behavior, anterior cingulate (physical pain), parietal cortex (attention)
type of attention in which a person makes an explicit choice to pay attention to something;
type of attention that is motivated by external factors
goal-directed selection / endogenous attention
stimulus-driven capture / exogenous attention
refers to the processing difficulty of complexity of a task
perceptual load
determines the amount of attention we allocate to a given task
theory that we chose what to concentrate on by selecting stimuli early in the perception process, even before we assemble the meaning of the input
filter theory
part of the perceptual system that holds information for a short time before it is accepted to rejected by a filter
sensory buffer
theory that simultaneous messages reach a sensory buffer, which filters one stimuli based on physical characteristics, only allowing one through
filter theory
type of processing failure, inability to remember the second in a pair of rapidly successive stimuli
attentional blink
due to psychological refractory period
interval during which the brain is too busy processing a stimulus to comprehend a second stimulus
psychological refractory period
theory that people organize stimuli based on knowledge on how their features should be combined
feature integration theory
concept that everything people say is directed to a particular audience
audience design
adapting style of speaking in accordance to the person you are taking to, either to express solidarity or maintain distance
style-shifting
instructs speakers that utterances should be truthful, informative, relevant, and clear
coorperative principle
execution error in which you exchange the initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase
spoonerism
refers to the necessity of rapid speech production
opportunism
occurs when syntax causes a sentence to have multiple meanings, e.g. “stolen painting found by tree”, “satellite tracks cows from outer space”
structural ambiguity
occurs when a word or phrase has multiple meanings, e.g. “marijuana issue sent to joint committee”, “doctor testifies in animal suit”
lexical ambiguity
idea that different languages impose different conceptions of reality
linguistic determinism
hypothesis that language influences conception of reality
linguistic relativity hypothesis
theory that concrete words are represented visually and verbally, whereas abstract words are only represented verbally, making them more difficult to code and retrieve
dual-coding theory
best neuralogical measurement of intelligence
plasticity (flexibility to grow and change). Also slight correlation with brain size, with perceptual speed, and speed and complexity of brain waves
things that help us keep track of all the information we store
concept categories (usually based on prototype) and their hierachies
neural contributions to decision making
dopamine, executive control systems (may override dopamine is feel-good decision isn’t best choice)
goal-directed selection / stimulus-driven capture uses which parts of the brain
dorsal brain system (part of somatosensory system delivers sensory info from outside) /
right ventral brain system (part of somatosensory system that transmits interpreted sensory info to muscles)
Broadbent’s Filter Theory (1958)
messages reach sensory buffer, temporarily stored, filtered according to physical characteristics. Desired physical characteristic recognized, attention devoted to single message.
concepts of language production
audience design, style-shift, cooperative principle, spoonerism, opportunism
problems with language comprehension
lexical ambiguity, structural ambiguity
ability to navigate new social environments
social intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and utilize one’s emotions
emotional intelligence
facet of social intelligence
