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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 9 - Cognition & Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Cognition & Intelligence Flashcards

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0
Q

capacity to reason, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge

A

intelligence

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1
Q

mental activities associated with sensation, perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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2
Q

level of ability typical of a child the same chronological age

A

mental age

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3
Q

a person’s potential ability

A

aptitude

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4
Q

a person’s knowledge and progress

A

acheivement

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5
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

IQ=100 x mental age / chronological age

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6
Q

common factor that underlies certain mental abilities according to Charles Spearman

A

general intelligence

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7
Q

refers to the entire skill set of general intelligence that encompasses a range of abilitites

A

g set

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8
Q

Raymond Cattell’s says intelligence is not a single entity but instead has these different types

A

fluid intelligence-ability to process information and act accordingly

crystallized intelligence-mental ability derived directly from previous experience

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9
Q

strong _____ is related to higher intelligence

A

central executive functioning-set of mental processes that governs goals, strategies, and coordination of the mind’s activities

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10
Q

person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

A

prodigy

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11
Q

rare disorder when a person of below average intelligence has an extraordinary ability

A

savant

occasionally accompanies autism

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12
Q

type of intelligence generally assessed by intelligence tests

A

analytic intelligence

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13
Q

ability to find many solutions to complicated or poorly defined problems and use them in practical situations

A

practical intelligence

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14
Q

intelligence that helps you adapt to new situations, come up with new ideas and solutions

A

creative intelligence

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15
Q

describes flexible ability to grow and change

A

plasticity

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16
Q

mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people

A

concepts

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17
Q

time it takes a person to perceive and compare stimuli

A

perceptual speed

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18
Q

leveled or ranked categorization of concept categories based on particular features

A

hierarchy

category car might have the heirarchies fuel efficient, sedan

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19
Q

mental image or typical example that exhibits all the features associated with a concept

A

prototype

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20
Q

Gardeners 8 multiple intelligences

A

linguistic, logical/mathematical, spacial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

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21
Q

theories about how we use concepts and categories

A

family resemblance theory, exemplar theory

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23
Q

theories about how we use concepts and categories

A

family resemblance theory, exemplar theory

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24
Q

theory that we put items into certain categories if they share certain characteristics, even if not every member has same features

A

family resemblance theory

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24
Q

problem solving states

A

initial state-incomplete info

set of operations

goal state-complete info

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25
Q

theory that we make category judgments by comparing new things with examples of old things we remember that fit that category

A

exemplar theory

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26
Q

preexisting state of mind that a person uses to solve problems because that state has helped the person solve similar problems in the past

A

mental set

helpful for simple tasks but might interfere with problem solving

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27
Q

bias that limits ability to think in unconventional ways

A

functional fixedness

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28
Q

types of reasoning

A

practical, theoretical/discursive, syllogistic, deductive, inductive

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29
Q

type of reasoning in which a person considers what to do or how to act

A

practical reasoning

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30
Q

type of reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief or conclusion, rather than a practical decision

A

theoretical reasoning / discursive reasoning

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31
Q

type of reasoning in which a person decides whether a conclusion logically follows from two or more statements that are assumed true

A

syllogistic reasoning

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33
Q

pattern of logic in which a conclusion is made based on two or more premises

A

syllogism

type of deductive reasoning

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33
Q

method of using specific examples to arrive at a general conclusion

A

inductive reasoning

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34
Q

top down method of arriving at specific conclusion based on broader premises

A

deductive reasoning

35
Q

tendency to think you are more knowledgeable or accurate than you actually are

A

overconfidence

36
Q

errors in reasoning

A

overconfidence, belief bias, heuristics, confirmation bias, conjunction fallacy

38
Q

erroneous belief that you knew something all along after an event has occured

A

hindsight bias

38
Q

tendency to continue believing something even when presented with evidence refuting that belief

A

belief preserverance

39
Q

effect that occurs when beliefs distort logical thinking

A

belief bias

40
Q

informal rules that make decision making processes quick and simple

A

heuristics

41
Q

type of heuristic that tells a person that if examples of an event come to mind easily then that event must be common

A

availability heuristic

42
Q

phenomenon that causes people to believe that additional info increases the probability that a statement is true, even though it just makes it more restrictive and less likely to be true

A

the conjunction fallacy

43
Q

tendency to look for evidence that proves a belief and to ignore evidence that opposes it

A

confirmation bias

44
Q

process of selecting and rejecting available options

A

decision making

45
Q

describes the perspective from which people interpret info before making a decision

A

framing

46
Q

state of attempting to avoid making any decision at all

A

decision aversion

47
Q

theories of decision making

A

rational choice theory, prospect theory

49
Q

theory that people make a decision by determining how likely and valuable each outcome is

A

rational choice theory

49
Q

neurotransmitter that helps people make decisions that lead to good outcomes and avoid bad ones

A

dopamine

50
Q

parts of the brain that inhibit pleasurable responses so people can avoid making decisions that feel good but are actually bad for them

A

executive control system

51
Q

neurotransmitter that helps people make decisions that lead to outcomes that feel good and avoid outcomes that feel bad (good doesn’t mean it’s the best choice)

A

dopamine

52
Q

area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that helps people adhere to social and behavioral rules; role in linking behavior to potential consequences

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

53
Q

area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that initiates a person’s behavior; it can also shift or inhibit behavior based on decisions the person makes

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

54
Q

area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that helps control behavior; involved in the perception of physical pain

A

anterior cingulate cortex

55
Q

area of the brain that serves as an executive control system that plays a critical role in directing attention during the decision making process

A

parietal cortex

56
Q

act of applying the mind selectively to a sense or thought

A

attention

57
Q

4 executive control systems of brain

A

ventromedial prefrontal (social rules, consequences), dorsolateral prefrontal (initiates behavior, anterior cingulate (physical pain), parietal cortex (attention)

58
Q

type of attention in which a person makes an explicit choice to pay attention to something;
type of attention that is motivated by external factors

A

goal-directed selection / endogenous attention

stimulus-driven capture / exogenous attention

59
Q

refers to the processing difficulty of complexity of a task

A

perceptual load

determines the amount of attention we allocate to a given task

60
Q

theory that we chose what to concentrate on by selecting stimuli early in the perception process, even before we assemble the meaning of the input

A

filter theory

61
Q

part of the perceptual system that holds information for a short time before it is accepted to rejected by a filter

A

sensory buffer

62
Q

theory that simultaneous messages reach a sensory buffer, which filters one stimuli based on physical characteristics, only allowing one through

A

filter theory

63
Q

type of processing failure, inability to remember the second in a pair of rapidly successive stimuli

A

attentional blink

due to psychological refractory period

64
Q

interval during which the brain is too busy processing a stimulus to comprehend a second stimulus

A

psychological refractory period

65
Q

theory that people organize stimuli based on knowledge on how their features should be combined

A

feature integration theory

66
Q

concept that everything people say is directed to a particular audience

A

audience design

67
Q

adapting style of speaking in accordance to the person you are taking to, either to express solidarity or maintain distance

A

style-shifting

68
Q

instructs speakers that utterances should be truthful, informative, relevant, and clear

A

coorperative principle

69
Q

execution error in which you exchange the initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase

A

spoonerism

70
Q

refers to the necessity of rapid speech production

A

opportunism

71
Q

occurs when syntax causes a sentence to have multiple meanings, e.g. “stolen painting found by tree”, “satellite tracks cows from outer space”

A

structural ambiguity

72
Q

occurs when a word or phrase has multiple meanings, e.g. “marijuana issue sent to joint committee”, “doctor testifies in animal suit”

A

lexical ambiguity

73
Q

idea that different languages impose different conceptions of reality

A

linguistic determinism

74
Q

hypothesis that language influences conception of reality

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis

76
Q

theory that concrete words are represented visually and verbally, whereas abstract words are only represented verbally, making them more difficult to code and retrieve

A

dual-coding theory

77
Q

best neuralogical measurement of intelligence

A

plasticity (flexibility to grow and change). Also slight correlation with brain size, with perceptual speed, and speed and complexity of brain waves

78
Q

things that help us keep track of all the information we store

A

concept categories (usually based on prototype) and their hierachies

79
Q

neural contributions to decision making

A

dopamine, executive control systems (may override dopamine is feel-good decision isn’t best choice)

80
Q

goal-directed selection / stimulus-driven capture uses which parts of the brain

A

dorsal brain system (part of somatosensory system delivers sensory info from outside) /
right ventral brain system (part of somatosensory system that transmits interpreted sensory info to muscles)

81
Q

Broadbent’s Filter Theory (1958)

A

messages reach sensory buffer, temporarily stored, filtered according to physical characteristics. Desired physical characteristic recognized, attention devoted to single message.

82
Q

concepts of language production

A

audience design, style-shift, cooperative principle, spoonerism, opportunism

83
Q

problems with language comprehension

A

lexical ambiguity, structural ambiguity

84
Q

ability to navigate new social environments

A

social intelligence

85
Q

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and utilize one’s emotions

A

emotional intelligence

facet of social intelligence

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

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