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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 3 - The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Brain Flashcards

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0
Q

part of nervous system that serves limbs and organs

A

PNS

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1
Q

biggest part of the nervous system

A

CNS

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2
Q

part of PNS that picks up stimuli, coordinates movements, and performs other consciously controlled tasks

A

somatic nervous system

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3
Q

part of the PNS thst performs tasks not under conscious control

A

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

part of ANS that is always active and acts as an accelerator for organs

A

sympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

part of ANS that is responsible for functions that do not rewuire immediate actions and acts as a brake for organs

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

excitable cells that receive different types of stimulation; building blocks of nervous system

A

neurons

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7
Q

relatively short, bushy, branch-like structures thwt emerge from neuron cell body and receive signals from adjoining neurons

A

dendrites

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8
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

soma

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9
Q

cable-like extension that transmit signal away from soma

A

axon

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10
Q

fatty substance that coats and insulates axons

A

myelin

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11
Q

structures at the ends of the branches that extend from axons

A

terminal buttons

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12
Q

carry info from sensory receptors to brain as coded signal

A

sensory neurons

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13
Q

carry info away from CNS to muscles and glands

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

carry info between sensory and motor neurons

A

interneurons

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15
Q

cells that support neurons, keep them in place, create myelin, provide nutrition and insulation

A

glial cells (glia)

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16
Q

fatty envelope that filters substances trying to leave bloodstream and enter brain

A

blood-brain barrier

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17
Q

large community of neurons

A

network

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18
Q

tight grouping of neurons

A

nerve

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19
Q

process in ehich neurons is instructed not to transmit info to other neurons

A

inhibition

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20
Q

number of positive inputs a neuron must receive before it transmits information

A

threshold

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21
Q

once the threshold for wpa particular neuron is reached, it will transmit all its information, no matter how many more positive inputs it receives over that threshold

A

all-or-none principle

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22
Q

electrochemical ripple from cell body to terminal buttons snd terminates in release of neurotransmitter

A

action potential

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23
Q

relatively negative state inside neuron in which fluid filled interior contains a surplus of negatively charaged particles

A

resting potential

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24
Q

parts of an axon that are not insulated by myelin

A

nodes of Ranvier

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25
Q

area between neurons across which nerve impulses travel

A

synapse

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26
Q

narrow space between transmitting neuron terminal buttons and receiving neuron dendrites

A

synaptic cleft

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27
Q

chemical message created by a synapse from an electrical message transmitted by terminal buttons

A

neurotransmitter

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28
Q

process in which a neurotransmitter is put back into presynsptic neuron

A

reuptake

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29
Q

describes flexible ability to grow and change

A

plasticity

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30
Q

organinzed simple reflexes and rhythmic movements

A

spinal cord

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31
Q

rapid and automatic neuromuscular actions generates in response to specific stimulus

A

reflex

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32
Q

responsible for survival oriented functions such as breathing, cardiac function, and basic arousal

A

brain stem

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33
Q

part of brain that controls socialand emotional behavior and influences some cognitive processs like memory

A

limbic system

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34
Q

parts of limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex

35
Q

evolutionarily newest part of the brain that enables symbolic representation

A

neocortex

36
Q

part of neocortex responsible for exective functions

A

prefrontal cortex

37
Q

part of brain essential for the cognitive experience of emotionl mediating conflicting thoughts, and making choices between right and wrong

A

prefrontal cortex

38
Q

largest opening in the skull

A

foramen magnum

39
Q

brain swelling would affect these regions

A

brainstem: medulla and pons

40
Q

part of brain that regulates cardiac and respiratory function

A

medulla

41
Q

part of brain involved in sleep, dreaming, right-left body coordination, and arousal

A

pons

42
Q

part of brain that receives, processes, and sends sensory information to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

43
Q

helps regulate states of arousal, sleep and wakefulness, and consciousness

A

thalamus

44
Q

part of brain mainly involved in coordination of sensory and motor information

A

cerebral cortex

45
Q

what does spinal cord injury paralyze

A

person may lose all functions controlled by the area of the spine below the injury

46
Q

part of brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains equilibrium. Involved in conditioning and forming procedural memories and habits related to movement.

A

cerebellum

47
Q

set of interconnected structures in brain that help with motor control, cognition, different forms of learning, and emotional processing. Involved in forming procedural memories and habits elated to movement.

A

basal ganglia

48
Q

part of basal ganglia involved in control of voluntary movement, and part of the brain’s learning and memory system

A

caudate

49
Q

part of basal ganglia involved in reinforcement learning

A

putamen

50
Q

part of basal ganglia that relays info from caudate and putamen to thalamus

A

globud pallidus

51
Q

involved in fear detection and conditioning, essential for unconscious emotional resonses like fight or flight

A

amygdala

52
Q

psrts of basal ganglia

A

putsmen, caudate, globus pallidus

53
Q

part of brain involved in processing explicit memories, recognizing and recalling long term memories, and conditioning

A

hippocampus

54
Q

small structure that links nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

55
Q

part of brain involved in emotion, response selection, personal orientation, and memory formation and retrieval

A

cingulate cortex

56
Q

parts of cingulate cortex

A

anterior cingulate, midcingulate, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial cortexes

57
Q

physiological response to stressors triggered by amygdala

A

fight of flight response

58
Q

large band of axons connecting two hemispheres of brain

A

corpus callosum

59
Q

srea of brain that serves ad an executive control system for behavior; involved in physical perception of pain

A

snterior cingulate cortex

60
Q

part of brain primarily involved in response selection

A

midcingulate cortex

61
Q

part of brain primarily involved in personsl orientation

A

poeterior cingulate cortex

62
Q

part cingulate cortex primarily involved in memory formation and retrival

A

retrosplenial cortex

63
Q

substance that makes up the cerebral cortex

A

gray matter

64
Q

bulges in the cerebral cortex

A

gyri

65
Q

grooves in the cerebral cortex

A

sulci

66
Q

consisted of myelinated axons that form connections within the brain

A

white matter

67
Q

part of each lobe of cerebral cortex that serves basic sensory and motor functions

A

primary cortex

68
Q

part of lobes of cerebral cortex that help basic sensory and motor information from a specific lobe integrate with information from the rest of the brain

A

association cortex

69
Q

parts of brain involved in visual processing

A

occipital lobes

70
Q

smalles lobes in the brain

A

occipital lobes

71
Q

part of brain that receives input from eyes and translates that input into what people see

A

primary visual cortex

72
Q

parts of brain involved in auditory processing

A

temporal lobes

73
Q

parts of brain primarily concerned with bodily sensations, including touch, taste, and temperature

A

parietal lobes

74
Q

part of brain involved in auditory processing

A

primary auditory cortex

75
Q

part of parietal lobes that receives and interprets info about bodily sensations

A

primary somatosensory cortex

76
Q

parts of brain that perform variety of integration and management functions

A

frontal lobes

77
Q

part of brain involved in encoding and storing working and long term memory, and to a lesser extent, sensory memory processin

A

frontal lobes

78
Q

describes one side controlling opposite side

A

contralateral

79
Q

describes one side controlling same side

A

ipsilateral

80
Q

___ connects the brain to the spinal nerves

A

spinal cord

81
Q

human brain has three major characteristics

A

integration, sophistication, adaptability

82
Q

who proposed synaptic plasticity, what did it account for

A

Donald Hebb, more cells communicate, more plentiful synaptic connections become, accounts for how the brain learns and retains memories

83
Q

two theories of how brain recovers from damage

A
  1. brain cannot make new functional neurons, so it recruits and strengthens smaller, underutilized ones
  2. adult neurogenesis does occur in certain brain regions
84
Q

what allows an electrical signsl to travel down an axon

A

movement of charged particles

85
Q

job of the spinal cord

A

keep you alive with simple reflexes

86
Q

language is most commonly found in the

A

left hemisphere

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

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