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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 7 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

difference between what a person learns and its application

A

learning-performance distinction

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1
Q

process by which experience results in relatively permanent change in behavior

A

learning

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2
Q

method of studying learning in which researchers only focus on directly observable responses, discarding any references to inner thoughts, feelings and motives

A

behaviorism

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3
Q

process of learning associations in which an implicit memory forms because of repeated exposure to a certain stimulus

A

conditioning

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4
Q

learning characterized by linking two events together

A

associative learning

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5
Q

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is taken away; dolphin stops doing trick when trainer stops giving fish as a reward

A

extinction

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6
Q

reoccurence of learned behavior after extinction

A

spontaneous recovery

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7
Q

ability to reacquire learned behavior in less time than it took to originally learn

A

savings

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8
Q

process in which learner reacts to particular object or situation in the same way that he reacts to one that resembles it

A

generalization

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9
Q

cue signaling that a particular response will be reinforced or punished; = mother whose child calls all women Mama

A

discriminative stimulus

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10
Q

process in which a learner is trained to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

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11
Q

learning that is exhibited only in the presence of an incentive

A

latent learning

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12
Q

mental representation of an environement

A

cognitive map

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13
Q

characterized by the desire to do things because they are interesting, challenging, satisfying, or enjoyable

A

intrinsically motivated

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14
Q

desire to compelte a behavior because it will lead to a reward or avoid punishment

A

extrinsic motivation

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15
Q

undermining of intrinsic motivation through excessive rewards

A

overjustification

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16
Q

tendancy to revert to instinctual behaviors after being trained to have new behaviors

A

instinctual drift

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17
Q

form of conditioning in which exposure to a flavor paired with sickness will produce consistent aversion to that flavor

A

taste-aversion learning

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18
Q

phenomenon in which two stimuli are associated, thus creating a reflex response

A

classical conditioning

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19
Q

an original unlearned stimulus that elicits a certain reflex action

A

unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

reflex action illicited by an unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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21
Q

event that is repeatedly paired with a particular uncondited stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

learned reaction triggered by a conditioned stimulus, even in the absence of an associated unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

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23
Q

type of classical conditioning in which cs and us are presented at the same time

A

simultaneous conditioning

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24
Q

type of classical conditioning in which the cs is presented before the us and doesn’t end until the us is presented

A

delayed conditioning

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25
Q

type of classical conditioning in which the cs is presented after the us; rarely successful

A

backward conditioning

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26
Q

type of classical conditioning in which the cs is paired with a neutral stimulus, which might become a second cs even though it has never been directly related to the us

A

second order conditioning

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27
Q

study of how psychology relates to events involving the nervous and immune systems

A

psychoneuroimmunology

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28
Q

type of learning in which organisms associate their actions with consequences

A

operant conditioning

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29
Q

responses that an organism makes to produce an effect on the environment

A

operant behavior

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30
Q

an act that causes a response to be more likely to occur

A

reinforcement

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31
Q

if a response produces a satisfying effect, it is likely to occur again

A

law of effect

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32
Q

three part process; learn that in the presence of certain stimuli, behavior is likely to have a certain effect on the environemnt; Skinner’s model to analyze behavior

A

three-term contingency

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33
Q

components of three-term contingency

A 
discriminative stimulus (bar)
operant response (pushing the bar)
reinforcer/punisher (receiving food or water)
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34
Q

act that causes a particular effect on the environment

A

operant response

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35
Q

positive or negative consequence caused by an operant response

A

reinforcer/punisher

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36
Q

strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable consequence

A

positive reinforcer

37
Q

strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant consequence

A

negative reinforcer

38
Q

satisfies a basic biological need

A

primary reinforcer

39
Q

becomes satisfying or pleasurable through experience

A

secondary reinforcer

40
Q

reward that does not immediately follow an action

A

delayed reinforcement

41
Q

method of reinforcement that ensures a desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

42
Q

method of reinforcement in which responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not

A

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

43
Q

sudden shift in the attractiveness of a reward

A

reward contrast effect

44
Q

4 schedules of partial reinforcement - when is behavior reinforced in each

A

fixed ratio - after set number of responses
variable ratio - after varying and unpredictable number of responses
fixed interval - after fixed time period
variable interval - after variable period

45
Q

operant conditioning procedure in which individuals earn tokens that can be redeemed for treats or priveleges when they exhibit desireable behavior

A

token economy

46
Q

preferred activity can be used to reinforce a non-preferred task

A

Premack principle

47
Q

penalty given in an attempt to decrease occurence of certain behavior

A

punishment

48
Q

process in which reinforcers are used to guide actions to a desired behavior; uses successive approximations

A

shaping

49
Q

behaviors that are incrementally closer to the desired action

A

successive approximations

50
Q

learning by observing and imitating others

A

observational learning

51
Q

method of shaping complex behavior in which final step in a sequence is reinforced first, becoming a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response

A

chaining

52
Q

tendency to pay attention to particular place or object in which someone else has shown interest

A

stimulus enhancement

53
Q

drive to receive awards that have been obtained in the past

A

goal enhancement

54
Q

ability to reproduce an action that is being observed

A

modeling

55
Q

describes models that are positive and helpful

A

prosocial

56
Q

reduction in learning is proportional to the amout of brain tissue destroyed, no matter where the site of destruction is

A

mass-action principle

57
Q

periodically scanning an environment to monitor for change

A

patrolling

58
Q

network of neurons in which memories are stored

A

cell assembly

59
Q

process in which neural connections are strengthened through the repetition of neurotransmitters traveling across the same synapses

A

long-term potentiation

60
Q

weakening of a neuronal synapse

A

long term depression

61
Q

memory consolidation that takes place within a few hours after learning

A

synaptic consolidation

62
Q

gradual memory consolidation that takes weeks or months that involves reorganization of the brain regions that support memory

A

system consolidation

63
Q

memory loss following brain damage affects recent memories more than remote memories

A

Ribot’s law

64
Q

the hippocampus provides a spacial framework that enables a person to create a mental map of surroundings

A

cognitive map theory

65
Q

cell in the hippocampus that only fires when an organism is in a specific location in its natural environment

A

place cell

66
Q

the hippocampus processes events by linking them into relational frameworks

A

relational memory theory

67
Q

defensive reaction, part of fear conditioning, governed by amygdala

A

freezing

68
Q

neuron that responds both when performing and when watching a task

A

mirror neuron

69
Q

slot machines use what reinforcement schedule

A

variable ratio schedule

high response rates, behavior is difficult to extinguish

70
Q

Name two psychologists who used behaviorism

A

Skinner, John Watson

though that introspection was too subjective

71
Q

What did Gregory Razran prove about generalization

A

we general objects that are physically similar and stimuli that have similar subjective meanings

72
Q

what are some biological dispositions in learning

A

food preferences, fear-related learning biases, place-learning abilities (squirrels)

73
Q

types of classical conditioning

A

delayed, trace, simultaneous, backward, second-order conditioning, fear conditioning

74
Q

classical conditioning is present in which biological responses

A

hunger, sexual arousal, immune system, drug tolerance

75
Q

types of reinforcers

A

positive, negative, primary, secondary, delayed, accidental (superstitions)

76
Q

differences in two main reinforcement schedules

A

partial (intermittent) reinforcement produces slower initial learning, but is more extinction resistant than continuous reinforcement

77
Q

examples of partial reinforcement schedules

A

fixed-ratio–frequent flier card
variable-ratio–gambling
fixed-interval–waiting for paint to dry
variable-interval–boss checks your work periodically, check email for new messages

78
Q

method used in animal training to shape complex behavior

A

chaining

79
Q

punishment and reinforcement are most effective when ______

A

they immediately follow the performed behavior

80
Q

applications of operant conditioning

A

education, athletic performance, taxes to discourage fuel use

81
Q

elements of observational learning

A

stimulus enhancement, goal enhancement, modeling

82
Q

Bandura’s experiments

A

children that had been exposed to violent outbursts were more likely to lash out at Bobo doll, imitate violent behavior they see in adults

83
Q

learning-based activities

A

play, exploration (may involve patrolling)

84
Q

what strengthens/weakens LTP

A

strengthened by enriched environments with lots of stimuli, weakened by sleep deprivation

85
Q

where does memory consolidation take place

A

at a synaptic level (protein synthesis) and at a system level (reorganization of brain regions)

86
Q

what helps consolidate learning

A

sleep

87
Q

theories about the connection between hippocampus and spatial learning

A

cognitive map theory (link events in spacial framework, place cells represent global topology)
relational memory theory (link events in relational framework, place cells represent relationships between objects)

88
Q

relationship between skill learning and the basal ganglia

A

cortical restructuring occurs during skills learning, basal ganglia encourage cortical restructuring (esp. reinforcement learning, operant conditioning)

89
Q

parts of brain that help learn motor skills

A

basal ganglia, posterior parietal cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate cortex, cerebellum

90
Q

what part of the brain is critical for emotional conditioning

A

amygdala, especially fear conditioning, damage may cause lack of fear

91
Q

what parts of the brain are involved in conditioning

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

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