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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 4 - Genetics & Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Genetics & Evolution Flashcards

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0
Q

pairs of duplicated chromosomes, x like structure

A

chromotids

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1
Q

long strands of genetic material found in nuclei of all cells

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

complex molecule that is the main ingredient of chromosomes, forms the code for all genetic information

A

DNA

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3
Q

place where two chromatids meet

A

contromere

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4
Q

sections of DNA that code for specific proteins

A

genes

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5
Q

complete set of instructions for making an organism

A

genome

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6
Q

consists of events and conditions inside an organism

A

chemical environement

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7
Q

consists of events and conditions in the outside world

A

external environment

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8
Q

entire set of genes inherited by an organism

A

genotype

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9
Q

observable property that comes from a genotype

A

phenotype

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10
Q

idea that units of heredity come in pairs and one pair can dominate another

A

Mendelian heredity

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11
Q

pairs of genes located in the same position on a pair of chromosomes in a unit of heredity

A

alleles

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12
Q

having identical pairs of alleles

A

homozygous

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13
Q

having non-identical pairs of alleles

A

heterozygous

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14
Q

genes that supress the expression of the other gene in a pair of alleles

A

dominant

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15
Q

genes that are suppressed by another in a pair of alleles

A

recessive

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16
Q

cell formed from the combination of a sperm and egg

A

zygote

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17
Q

what are our reproductive cells

how much genetic info do they contain

A

gamates, egg and sperm cells, contain half genetic information of other body cells, 23 chromosomes

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18
Q

twins that come from a single zygote

A

monozygotic

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19
Q

twins that come from two separate zygotes

A

dizygotic

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20
Q

reproductive cells in an organism

A

gamates

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21
Q

cell division in which chromosomes duplicate then cell divides twice, resulting in 4 new cells

A

meiosis

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22
Q

cell division in which chromosomes duplicate then cells divide once, creating two cells genetically identical to original cell

A

mitosis

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23
Q

group of genes acting together, most traits correspond to one

A

gene complexes

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24
Q

coming from the interaction of several genes

A

polygenic

25
Q

traits like height, weight, and skin color that have a range of possible values

A

continuous traits

26
Q

refers to process by which mate is chosen

A

sexual selection

27
Q

process by which pairs of organisms of the same species with desirable characterists are mated in order to select for those characteristics

A

selective breeding

28
Q

field of study that emphasizes analysis of effects of genes and environment on behavior and mental processes

A

behavioral genetics

29
Q

examples of traits with high and low heritability

A

high - eye color, hapiness, schizophrenia

low - intelligence

30
Q

describes the degree to which a trait is able to be passed on genetically

A

heritability

31
Q

TF heritability tells us the percentage to which a trait is caused by genetics

A

F

32
Q

TF heritability tells us the percentage to which variation among individuals can be attributed to genetic influence

A

T

33
Q

Field of study emphasizing analysis of molecular structure and function of genes

A

molecular genetics

34
Q

branch involved with explaining the development of human mind and behavior by studying how adaptive behaviors helped human ancestors survive and reproduce

A

evolutionary psychology

35
Q

refers to the ability to adjust and function according to one’s environment

A

adaptive

36
Q

set of innate traits in humans

A

infant reflexes

37
Q

useful traits acquired by an organism

A

acquired characteristics

38
Q

concept that contrasts with natural selection in that humans are involved in selecting desired characteristics to pass on to an organism’s offspring

A

artificial selection

39
Q

used to selectively breed livestock

A

artificial selection

40
Q

ability to walk on two legs

A

bipedalism

41
Q

increase in brain size

A

encephalization

42
Q

development of a species

A

phylogeny

phylogeny of the human brain evolved far more quickly than the brains of other species

43
Q

instinctive or characteristic ways of behaving particular to a certain species

A

special typical behaviors

44
Q

extent to which biological features evolved to promote certain traits

A

biological preparedness

humans are biologically prepared to walk on teo legs

45
Q

tendency for an organism to revert back to instincitive behaviors after being trained to have new behaviors

A

instinctual drift

46
Q

consists of the time, energy, and risk involved in producing and raising offspring

A

parental investment

47
Q

theory that society and culture evolved toward higher forms through the process of individuals adapting to hardship by either adapting and surviving or falling by the wayside

A

social Darwinism

48
Q

Moore argued that Herbert Spencer commited ____ in his theory of social Darwinism

A

the naturalistic fallacy

49
Q

the claim that whatever is natural or good is right

A

naturalistic fallacy

50
Q

claim that traits and behaviors can be explained entirely by genetics

A

deterministic fallacy

51
Q

examples of continuous traits

A

skin, eye, and hair color

52
Q

examples of polygenic traits

A

eye color, height

53
Q

theory proposed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamark

A

evolution is based on the inheritance of acquired useful characteristics, explains evolution but not inheritance

54
Q

difference between Darwin and Lemark’s views

A

Darwin believed that inheritance does not happen because certain traits are useful, but because the usefulness of the traits helps the organism survive and reproduce so the traits are passed on

55
Q

why does diversity occur

A

traits develop by chance because there’s a genetic reshuffling during meiosis and fertilization and because of mutations during DNA replication

56
Q

what is the role of learning in species-typical behavior

A

some behaviors are based on predispositions and only become expressed as a result of learning (e.g. walking, language)

57
Q

how does biology control what we learn, as well as how and when

A

level of biological preparedness determines how physically prepared we are for certain behaviors (like walking)

58
Q

what are some fallacies about evolution

A

naturalistic fallacy says that natural=good

deterministic fallacy says that all behavior is determined by genes

59
Q

differential parental investment theory

A

mating patterns depend on gender differences in the amount of parental investment. More invested gender is pickier, less invested gender has to compete for mating privileges

60
Q

6 universally recognized emotions

A

surprise, fear, disgust, sadness, anger, happiness

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

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