Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Midterm > Chapter 2 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Research Methods Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

erroneous belief that you knew something all along after an event has occured

A

hindsight bias

form of overconfidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

tendency to overestimate extent to which others share personal beliefs or behaviors

A

false consensus effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describes a belief that requires people to accept information as irrefutible and to refrain from questioning authority

A

dogmatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

rules or techniques that provide a framework for observations

A

methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

objective statements made using direct observations

A

facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ideas that help explain existing facts

A

theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

predictions about new facts, based on existing theories

A

hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

person who takes part in an experiement who is seemingly a subject but is really working with the reasearcher

A

confederate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

variable that a researcher can manipulate

A

independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

study in which different groups are exposed to different independent variables

A

between-group experiement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

study in which each participant is exposed to several different independent variables

A

within-subject experiement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

group that is subject to an independent variable

A

experiemental group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

group that is given no treatment or who are given treatment that should have no effect

A

control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

process by which participants in an experiement are randomly placed into groups

A

random assignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

group of participants in an experiment that is identical to at least one other group in terms of a particular variable

A

matched sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

set of participants, one from one group, one from another, who are identical in terms of a particular variable

A

matched pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

situation in which an observer expects a certain behavior and only notices actions that support that behavior

A

observer bias, observer expectancy effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

study of people and animals in their own environment

A

naturalistic observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

observers who do not know what the research is about and thus are not subject to observer bias

A

blind observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in depth study of one or a few individuals

A

case study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

study of people or animals in a controlled setting

A

laboratory observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

technique in which the participants of a survey are chosen randomly so as to get a fair representation of a population

A

random sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

series if questions about a person’s behavior or opinion in the form of a questionairre or interview

A

survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

form of data collection in which people are asked to describe their own behavior or mental state

A

self-report method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

form of data collection in which people provide oral descriptions of themselves; could be strictly structured or conversational

A

interview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

series of questions with a strict purpose that has been developed using careful controls such as precise wording, carefully constructed questions, and random sampling

A

questionairre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

type of observational method in which participants are provided with stimuli or problems and researchers collect data about how they perform a certain task

A

testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

process of observing and recording a subject’s behavior

A

observational method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

statistics researchers use to summarize data sets

A

descriptive statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

statistics that use probability laws to predict how likely it is that observed results apply to a broader population

A

inferential statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

three most typical scores in a set of data; mean, median, mode

A

measures of central tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

degree to which numbers in a data set differ from each other and from the mean

A

variability

32
Q

difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set

A

range

33
Q

measure of dispersion of a set of values using information from each individual score

A

standard deviation

35
Q

difference between an individual data point’s actual value and the mean value of the whole data set

A

deviation score

35
Q

representation of a frequency distribution in which veritical or horizontal bars are proportional in length to the value they represent; bars are different categories and can be rearranged

A

bar graph

36
Q

summary of how frequently each of the scores in a data set occurs

A

frequency distribution

37
Q

graphical representation of an evenly distributed data set in which the curve is symmetrical and bell shaped due to even distribution of results and tendency to accumulate around the center

A

normal curve

38
Q

representation of a frequency distribution using rectangles in which the width of a rectangle represents an interval and the area of a rectangle is proportional to the corresponding frequency

A

histogram

39
Q

graphical representation of an unevenly distributed data set in which scores cluster together on one end

A

skewed distribution

41
Q

indication that the difference between between average scores from two reliable samples is not due to chance

A

statistical significance

41
Q

random variable that is accidentally introduced into an experiment

A

error

42
Q

a statistic that identifies the probability that the results of a study could have occured by chance

A

level of significance

43
Q

personal and sometimes unreasonable judgment that a reasearcher may make that could affect the results

A

bias

44
Q

aspects of a setting that can cause participants to behave the way they think the researcher wants them to

A

demand characteristics

45
Q

degree to which a measurement measures what it is intended to measure

A

validity

46
Q

degree to which a measurement yields similar results every time it is used with a particular subject under particular conditions

A

reliability

47
Q

extent to which a study superficially measures what it is intended to measure

A

face validity

48
Q

indication of how closely a measurement correlates with another criterion of the characteristic being studied; school achievement correlates with intelligence, so if a large enough group of people who do well in school also perform well on an intelligence test the test has…

A

criterion validity

49
Q

type of criterion validity in which you can use the results of a test to predict score or performance in another area; a career test might have this

A

predictive validity

50
Q

type of validity that uses a specific procedure that measures or correlates with a theoretical or intangible concept; an intelligence test with this validity can measure intelligence

A

construct validity

51
Q

type if validity indicating that a researcher is able to control all extraneous values so that only the independent variable infleunces the result; proves there is a causal relationship between dependent and independent variable

A

internal validity

52
Q

type of validity indicating that a test can be generalized to the rest of the population; likely to have this using a representative sample

A

external validity

53
Q

occurence in which participants expect to behave in a certain way given their treatment, causing them to adjust their behavior

A

subject-expectancy effect

54
Q

experiement in which both the subject and observer are kept blind, negating the subject and observer expectancy effects

A

double-blind experiment

55
Q

substance or procedure which resembles medical therapy but has no intrinsic therapeutic value

A

placebo

56
Q

give a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study sfter the study occurs; used to avoid deception and not undermine informed consent

A

debrief

57
Q

3 ethical considerations in psychological research

A

right to privacy
possibility if discomfort or harm
use of deception

58
Q

scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the US

A

american psychological association (APA)

59
Q

ethics review panel established by a publicly runded research institution to evaluate all proposed research by that institution

A

institutional review board (IRB)

60
Q

factors that determine a result’s statistical significance

A

size of observed effect

number of subjects or observations

variability if data within each group (uncontrolled or random factors)

61
Q

why do we need scientific methods?

A

avoid hindsight bias, avoid false consensus effect, and think critically

62
Q

birth of psychology marked a shift from ____ to ____

A

dogmatism to empiricism

63
Q

to reduce errors in empirical research it’s important to have ___

A

a method

64
Q

empirical challenges of studying people

A

people are complex, different, and react to situations differently

65
Q

theory vs hypothesis with Hans the math whiz horse

A

theory: maybe hans is taking cues from people around him
hypothesis: I predict that Hans will be unable to answer questions without visual cues

66
Q

difference between theories and hypotheses

A

idea vs preediction

theories are ideas that help explain facts, hypotheses are predictions about new facts based on existing theories

67
Q

three important lessons of scientific research

A

be skeptical, observe carefully in controlled conditions, be aware of observer-expectsncy effects

68
Q

correlation study

A

a researches does not manipulate variables, but observes if there is a relationship between variabled

indicate correlation, not causation/ cause and effect

69
Q

how to prevent third variable problem in correlation studies

A

matched samples or matched pairs (better)

groups or groups&individuals are identical in terms of third variable

70
Q

descriptive study

A

observe and describe behavior without investigating the relationship between specific variable

how animal adapts to new environemnt

71
Q

types of descriptive study

A

naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, surveys

72
Q

types of research setting

A

laboratory (downside less natural, might be missing a key variable)

field (downside harder to control surroundings and isolate variables)

73
Q

two types of statistics

A

descriptive statistics summarize data sets

inferential statistics make inferences about results

74
Q

two representations of frequency distributions

A

bar graph, histogram

75
Q

what might cause biased samples

A

demand characteristics, self-selection, not randomly assigned groups

76
Q

how to avoid measurement bias

A

check that the measurements are reliable and valid; procedure can have reliability but not validity (asking about fashion preferences in an experiement designed to test self defense ability lacks face validity but is reliable if the individual consistently answers the same way)

77
Q

how to avoid observe- and subject-expectancy effects

A

double-blind study (no one knows whose in the control group and whose in the experimental group)

78
Q

represents continuous data, bars are ranges that can’t be rearranged

A

histogram

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions