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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 5 - Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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0
Q

process through which we detect physical energy and code it as neural signals

A

sensation

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1
Q

part of nervous system that processes sensory info

A

sensory system

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2
Q

way a person selects, organizes, and interprets sensory info

A

perception

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3
Q

smallest amount of energy needed for a person to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time

A

absolute threshold

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4
Q

study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences that accompany them

A

psychophysics

tells us how much sensory info is needed to hear a mouse scamper across the kitchen

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5
Q

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

A

signal detection theory

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6
Q

minimus difference between two stimuli needed to detect a difference 50 percent of the time

A

difference threshold or just noticeable difference (jnd)

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7
Q

regardless of size, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for the difference to be noticeable

A

Weber’s Law

explains why you can taste a pinch of sugar in a glass or water, but not in a gallon of water

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8
Q

specialized cell that responds to a particular type of energy

A

receptor cell

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9
Q

carries info from sensory receptos to brain as coded signal

A

sensory neuron

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10
Q

process through which physical energy is converted into an electrical charge

A

transduction

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11
Q

process in which sensory receptor cells become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus

A

sensory adaptation

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12
Q

process in which lens adjusts in shape from thick to thin to enable a person to focus on objects that are close or far

A

visual accomodation

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13
Q

lens cannot accomodate for distance, happens in old age

A

presbyopia

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14
Q

multilayered tissue responsible for visual transduction

A

retina

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15
Q

photoreceptor cell in retina that responds to varying degrees of dark and light

A

rod

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16
Q

depressed spot in the retina that occupies the center of the visual field

A

fovea

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17
Q

photoreceptors found outside fovea

A

rods

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18
Q

photoreceptors concentrated in fovea

A

cones

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19
Q

photoreceptors responsible for color vision

A

cones

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20
Q

sharpness of vision

A

acuity

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21
Q

one of several neurons that connect the bipolar neurons in the eyes to the brain

A

ganglion cell

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22
Q

bundle of axons that carries neural messages from eye to brain

A

optic nerve

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23
Q

point where some fibers from each optic nerve cross sides

A

optic chiasm

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24
Q

feature detector that only responds to a single feature of a stimulus

A

simple cell

might respond to vertical line

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25
Q

specialized brain cell that only responds to particular element in visual field

A

feature detector

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26
Q

feature detector that responds to two features of a stimulus

A

complex cell

might respond to a vertical line moving horizontally

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27
Q

feature detector that responds to multiple features of a stimulus

A

hypercomplex cell

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28
Q

area of the visual cortex that specifically responds to and recognizes faces

A

fusiform face area

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29
Q

describes the process of doing several things at the same time

A

parallel processing

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30
Q

condition in which a person is not consciously aware of what he sees but can still partially respond to visual information

A

blindsight

damage to primary visusl cortex creates blind spots

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31
Q

a particular color

A

hue

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32
Q

describes the intensity of a color

A

saturation

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33
Q

describes the intensity of light waves

A

brightness

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34
Q

inclination to preceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes in sensory information

A

color constancy

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35
Q

number of cycles per second in a wave

A

frequency

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36
Q

change in air pressure caused by molecules of air or fluid colliding and moving apart

A

sound wave

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37
Q

height of a wave

A

amplitude

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38
Q

quality and purity of the tone of a sound

A

timbre

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39
Q

pertains to the way in which the primary auditory cortex is organized so that neurons that respond to particular frequencies are grouped together

A

tonotopic

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40
Q

area of reduced sound intensity around the ear farther away from where a sound originates

A

sound shadow

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41
Q

process in which sound waves are emitted and the environement is analyzed by listening to the frequency of the waves that are reflected back

A

echolocation

42
Q

chemical substance released by an animal to trigger behavior responses in other members of that species

A

pheromones

43
Q

specialized cell in the nasal cavities of most animals that detects pheremones

A

vomeronasal organs

44
Q

bump on tongue in which taste buds are embedded

A

papilla

45
Q

tiny hair at the tip of a taste receptor cell

A

microvillus

46
Q

senses relating to pressure, pain, and touch

A

skin senses

47
Q

sense of how body parts interact with one another

A

kinesthetic sense

48
Q

sense relating to movement and body position

A

vestibular sense

49
Q

negative feeling caused by an external stimulus

A

nociceptive pain

50
Q

sense of touch is a combination of 3 senses

A

skin senses, kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense

51
Q

negative feeling caused by a malfunction in the central nervous system

A

neuropathic pain

phantom limb pain

52
Q

theory that a neurological gate in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain

A

neurological gate theory

53
Q

explains why some peopel feel pain more acutely than others

A

gate-control theory

54
Q

chemical that lets us perform superhuman feats under stress

A

endorphins

55
Q

morphine-like chemical that inhibits pain signals and is released by the medial forebrain bundle

A

endorphins

56
Q

specialized nerve ending that provides a constant stream of information from a person’s muscles through the spinal cord and on to the parietal lobe

A

proprioceptors

57
Q

tube located in the inner ear that helps monitor the body’s position in space

A

semicircular canal

58
Q

group of cells that connect the semicircular canals to the cochlea

A

vestibular sac

59
Q

directed by internal decisions

directed by external stimuli

A

endogenous

exogenous

60
Q

describes failure to perceive a given stimulus

A

inattentional blindness

61
Q

describes a failure to detect alterations to choices a person has made

A

choice blindness

shown two pictures you select woman a is most attractive. When asked to justify why you thought woman b was is more attractive, you do so using features of woman a

62
Q

describes the failure to detect drastic auditory/visual changes

A

change deafness / change blindness

63
Q

stimulus that is important or interesting to a person

A

pop-out stimulus

64
Q

phenomenon in which selective attention allows a person to focus on one voice and ignore others

A

cocktail party effect

65
Q

complex processing of information that occurs without a person’s conscious awareness

A

preattentive processing

lets us analyze images using a guided search process for particular features

66
Q

the act of juggling independent sensory inputs

A

multitasking

67
Q

use of beliefs, experiences, expectations, and other concepts to shape our view of the world

A

top-down processing

68
Q

phenomenon in which a person’s visual systems use sensory information to draw conclusions about what she sees

A

unconscious inference

69
Q

visual illusion in which lines are perceived without actually being present

A

illusory contour

70
Q

mental disposition based on previous experiences and expectations that influence the way you pereceive things

A

perceptual set

mishear something because you expect something else

72
Q

law that a person organizes a stimulus into the simplest possible form

A

Law of pragnanz

73
Q

tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same group

A

proximity

73
Q

tendency to perceive objects that are the same shape, size, or color as similar

A

similarity

74
Q

Gestalt principles of organization

A

similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, symmetry, common fate

75
Q

tendency to perceive objects as complete and overlook incompleteness

A

closure

76
Q

tendency to view intersecting lines as part of a continuous pattern

A

continuity

why cross is perceived as two not four lines

77
Q

if parts of a stimulus are all moving in the same direction, they are perceived as parts of a whole

A

law of common fate

78
Q

tendency to perceive two unconnected but symmetrical shapes as one object

A

symmetry

79
Q

object on which a person is focusing

A

figure

80
Q

object surrounding the object of focus or the figure

A

ground

81
Q

illusion in which staring at an image long enough causes the figure and ground to reverse

A

reversible figure

83
Q

object recognition theory that previously seen objects are stored as a template that is compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image

A

view-dependent theory

84
Q

object recognition theory that visual system recognizes objects as a combination of their individual parts

A

view-independent theories

84
Q

pattern of physical energy created by distal stimulus that stimulates a person’s receptors

A

proximal stimulus

85
Q

stimuls from an object that exists in the surrounding environment

A

distal stimulus

86
Q

how do we recognize a car even if we have never seen the particular model

A

feature integration theory

87
Q

theory that people organize stimuli based on knowledge of how their features should be combined

A

feature integration theory

88
Q

feature integration theory says that every stimulus can be broken down into primitive features using what two step process

A

parallel processing to detect visual features, rapidly scanning for pop-out stimuli

serial processing using stored knowledge to combine features into forms

89
Q

results from mistakenly combining features of two different stimuli

A

illusory conjunction

91
Q

simple three-dimensionsal shape that, with other geons, makes up all other objects

A

geon

91
Q

optimal time period shortly after birth during which normal sensory and perceptual development takes place

A

critical period

sensory deprivation during this time results in perceptual limitations

92
Q

theory that we recognize an unfamiliar object by piecing together the geons it is composed of

A

recognition-by-components

supported by fact that quick id depends on clear external edges

93
Q

process in which a person adjusts to change in environment by adjusting sensory input

A

perceptual adaptation

prism glasses

94
Q

condition in which signals from sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas of brain

A

synesthesia

95
Q

condition in which a person perceives letters as a certain color

A

grapheme-color synesthesia

96
Q

person who experiences synesthesia and only associates colors with letters, but does not actually see the color

A

associator

97
Q

represents how loud or soft a sound is

A

amplitutde

98
Q

person who experiences synesthesia and actually sees letters as being certain colors even though they know what color they actually are

A

projector

99
Q

what are some theories and measurements from psychophysics

A

signal detection theory, absolute threshold, difference threshold, Weber’s law

100
Q

how do we tell where a sound came from

A

heads cast a sound shadow, some animals use echolocation

101
Q

examples of endogenous and exogenous attention

A

endogenous-make an explicit choice to pay attention to a book
exogenous-pay attention to a car crash reflixively

102
Q

theories of processing

A 
top-down processing (perception influenced by beliefs, experiences, expectations called perceptual set)
gestalt principles (perceive whole groups instead of individual parts)
103
Q

object recognition theories

A

view-dependent theories, view-dependent theories, feature integration theory, recognition by components theory

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

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