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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 8 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

three basic types of memory

A

sensory, working, long-term

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1
Q

system for filing and retrieving information

A

memory

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2
Q

memory in which information for short term use is stored

A

working memory

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3
Q

memory lasting no more than a few seconds, impression of sensory stimulus stored

A

sensory memory

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4
Q

memory in which information that can last a lifetime is stored

A

long term memory

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5
Q

process by which sensory information is converted into storable form

A

encoding

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6
Q

process by which encoded information is placed in memory

A

storage

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7
Q

inability to retrieve previously stored information

A

forgetting

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8
Q

process by which previously stored information is moved from long-term memory to working memory

A

retrieval

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9
Q

parts of the brain that make up sensory memory, each sense has one

A

sensory registers

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10
Q

parts of brain active during creation of sensory memory

A

visual cortex, audio cortex, sensory cortex, frontal lobe (to some extent)

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11
Q

types of sensory memory

A

iconic memory involves visual stimuli

echoic memory involves auditory stimuli

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12
Q

ability to recall detailed images vividly after looking at them for a short period of time

A

eidetic memory

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13
Q

applying the mind to a sense or thought

A

attention

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14
Q

process of encoding that involves paying specific attention to the information being remembered

A

conscious encoding

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15
Q

process of encoding that does not involve any deliberate thought or action

A

unconscious coding

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16
Q

process of encoding images / sounds / meaning

A

visual encoding / auditory encoding / semantic encoding

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17
Q

process of organizing large pieces of information into smaller pieces

A

chunking

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18
Q

process of repeating information with the intent of learning it

A

rote rehersal

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19
Q

ability to recall information given first when given a list of things to remember

A

primacy effect

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20
Q

ability to recall information in a list depending on its position

A

serial position effect

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21
Q

ability to recall information most recently stored when given a list of things to remember

A

recency effect

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22
Q

type of encoding interference in which information is never actually stored due to lack of attention

A

pseudoforgetting

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23
Q

type of forgetting in which person is specifically told to forget something

A

cued forgetting

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24
Q

memories of which a person is consciously aware

A

explicit memories

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25
Q

memories of which a person is not consciously aware

A

impilicit memories

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26
Q

containing factual and conceptual information that is not directly linked to life events

A

semantic

27
Q

process of activating associations in memory just before starting a certain task; used to prove existence of implicit memory

A

priming

28
Q

memories in which a person remembers an entire sequence of events

A

episodic memories

29
Q

type of memory consisting of learned habits and skills

A

procedural memory

30
Q

process in which an implicit memory forms because of repeated exposure to a stimulus that causes a reaction in a person

A

conditioning

31
Q

process in which repeated exposure to a stimulus reduces response to that stimulus

A

habituation

32
Q

diminishing of conditioned response, most often through removal of the reinforcement associated with it

A

extinction

33
Q

process by which person gives meaning to information for the purpose of storing it in long-term memory

A

elaborative rehearsal

34
Q

memory aids that give rhyme or reason to lists or other pieces of information

A

mnemonics

35
Q

memories that are immediately stored in long term memory and that are caused by emotional events

A

flashbulb memories

36
Q

level of processing in which a word’s sound or appearance is encoded

A

shallow processing

37
Q

level of processing in which a word’s meaning is encoded

A

deep processing

38
Q

part of brain involved in processing explicit memories, recognizing and recalling long-term memories, and conditioning

A

hippocampus

39
Q

part of the brain involved in conditioning and forming procedural memories and habits related to movement

A

cerebellum

40
Q

area between neurons across which nerve impulses travel

A

synapse

41
Q

set of interconnected structures in brain involved in forming procedural memories and habits related to movement

A

basal ganglia

42
Q

major biological basis for memory

A

long term potentiation

43
Q

process of matching an external stimulus to a stored memory

A

recognition

44
Q

process of retrieving a stored memory in the absence of external stimuli

A

recall

45
Q

easier to retrieve info when it is in the same context as when it was encoded

A

context effect

46
Q

stimulus that helps retrieve info from memory

A

retrieval clue

47
Q

stored memory that is more easily retrieved when in the same state of mind as when it was encoded

A

state-dependent memory

48
Q

phenomenon in which previously learned information interferes with ability to recall new info

A

proactive interference

49
Q

phenomenon in which new info interferes with recalling previously learned info

A

retroactive interference

50
Q

graphical representation of how quicly a person tends to forget info

A

forgetting curve

51
Q

state in which a person’s fight or flight response is fully activated

A

hypervigilance

52
Q

law that performance generally peaks with moderate level of arousal

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

53
Q

phenomenon in which many memories fade over time

A

storage decay

54
Q

memory loss characterized by inability to form new long-term memories

A

anteretrograde amnesia

55
Q

memory loss characterized by loss of past memories

A

retrograde amnesia

56
Q

phenomenon in which you remember info but forget or misrember where it came from

A

source amnesia

57
Q

three sins of forgetting

A

absent-mindedness (attention problem), transience (storage decay), blocking (retrieval failure)

58
Q

three sins of distortion

A

misattribution (source amnesia), suggestibility (create false memories), bias (memories favor personal biases over accuracy)

59
Q

one sin of intrusion

A

persistence (of genuine and false memories, PTSD)

60
Q

sin categories of Daniel Schacter

A

forgetting (absent-mindedness, transience, blocking)
distortion (misattribution, suggestibility, bias)
intrusion (persistence)

61
Q

types of forgetting

A

pseudoforgetting, cued forgetting

62
Q

Organization of long-term memory

A 
explicit memories (consciously aware); semantic & episodic memories
implicit memories (not consciously aware); procedural memories & conditioning
63
Q

encoding method that makes connections between new information and information we already know

A

elaborative rehearsal

64
Q

levels of processing

A 
shallow processing (word's sound or appearance)
deep processing (word's meaning)
65
Q

part of brain largely responsible for processing explicit memories / implicit memories

A

hippocampus

hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia

66
Q

why do we forget things

A

interference (proactive, retroactive) and storage decay

Psychology Midterm (9 decks)

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