Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Photosynthesis
Using energy from the sun to make organic compounds
Cellular respiration
Extracts the energy in the bonds of organic compounds for cellular fuel including both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP
Anaerobic respiration
Consumes compounds other than oxygen
Redox reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance
Reduction
The addition of electrons to a substance
Reducing agent
Electron donor that reduces electron acceptor
Oxidizing agent
Electron acceptor that oxidizes the electron donor
OIL RIG
Oxidation - Loss, Reduction - Gain
NAD+
Coenzyme and electron carrier, as well as an oxidizing agent
Electron transport chain
Series of molecules in the inner membrane that shuttles electrons for ATP production
Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Pyruvate oxidation
Strips pyruvate of electrons and assembles Acetyl-CoA
Citric acid cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose into CO2
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis facilitate synthesis of most of the cell’s ATP. Energy released by electrons passing down the ETC to oxygen
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Enzyme transfers P, from a substrate to ADP
Photophosphorylation
Energy in sunlight powers ATP synthesis
ATP synthase
Protein complex that synthesizes ATP by phosphorylating ADP
Chemiosmosis
The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
Proton motive force
The H+ gradient
Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol by releasing CO2 from pyruvate and producing NAD+ and ethanol
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate and NAD+. There is no release of CO2
