Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality if an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A specific molecule is altered in a series of steps to produce a product

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Energy is released, complex molecules are broken down. Ex. Cellular respiration

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4
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Energy is consumed, simple molecules are built up to create more complex ones. Ex. Using amino acids to make proteins

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5
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change or to do work

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6
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

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7
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed

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8
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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9
Q

Spontaneous process

A

Occurs without energy input, increases entropy

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10
Q

Nonspontaneous process

A

Requires energy input, decreases entropy

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11
Q

Free energy

A

The portion of a system’s energy that can do work

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12
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Energy is released, free energy is negative

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13
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Energy is absorbed, free energy is positive

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14
Q

Chemical work

A

Pushing endergonic reactions polymerization

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15
Q

Transport work

A

Pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

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16
Q

Mechanical work

A

Beating cilia, muscle contraction, etc

17
Q

Energy coupling

A

The use of an exergonic process to drive and endergonic one

18
Q

Phosphorylated intermediate

A

More reactive (less stable, more free energy) than the original molecule

19
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

20
Q

Enzyme

A

A macromolecules (typically a protein) that acts as a catalyst to speed up a specific reaction

21
Q

Activation energy

A

Initial energy needed to break the bonds of the reactants

22
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant that an enzyme acts on

23
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Formed when the enzyme binds to its substrate

24
Q

Lock and key metaphor

A

Only the right key (substrate) will fit in the lock (enzyme)

25
Induced fit
Enzyme tightens binding after initial contact with substrate
26
Influences of enzyme activity
Concentration of substrate, temperature, pH, chemicals/inhibitors
27
Competitive inhibitor
Closely resembles the substrate, can bind to the enzymes active site
28
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Binds to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape, making active site less effective
29
Cofactors
No protein helpers that bind to the enzyme with the substrate
30
Coenzymes
Organic cofactors
31
Allosteric regulation
A protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site
32
Feedback inhibition
The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway