Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Large polymers

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks ex. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 3

Monomers

Answer 3

Repeating units that serve as building blocks

Question 4

Enzymes

Answer 4

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions (mostly proteins)

Question 5

Dehydration reaction

Answer 5

Two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

Disassembly of polymers into monomers by use of breaking water molecules. (Opposite of dehydration reaction)

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 8

Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Simple sugars, major fuel for cells ex. glucose

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Polymers of sugars, storage = starch/glycogen, structural = cellulose/chitin

Question 10

Disaccharide

Answer 10

Formed when dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

Question 11

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 11

Covalent bond between two monosaccharides

Question 12

Cellulose

Answer 12

Structural polysaccharide, In plant cell walls, beta glycosidic linkages

Question 13

Chitin

Answer 13

Structural polysaccharide, alpha glycosidic linkages

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

No true polymers, nonpolar, fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 15

Fats

Answer 15

Glycerol and fatty acids, Esther linkages, used as energy storage and cushion

Question 16

Saturated fats

Answer 16

All carbons linked by single bonds, solid at room temperature

Question 17

Unsaturated fats

Answer 17

Contain one or more double bonds, tend to be liquid at room temperature

Question 18

Phospholipid

Answer 18

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

Question 19

Steroids

Answer 19

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Ex cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

Question 20

Proteins

Answer 20

Polymers of amino acids (monomers) in a specific sequence that are linked by peptide bonds

Question 21

Polypeptide

Answer 21

A polymer of amino acids

Question 22

Amino acids

Answer 22

Organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups, and an R group

Question 23

Primary structure

Answer 23

Unique sequence of amino acids

Question 24

Secondary structure

Answer 24

Protein folding (alpha helix, beta pleated sheets) due to hydrogen bonding between the polypeptide backbone

Question 25

Tertiary structure

Answer 25

Folding interactions between R groups give protein complex a 3D shape

Question 26

Quaternary structure

Answer 26

Two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

Question 27

Denaturation

Answer 27

The loss of a proteins native structure

Question 28

Nucleic acid

Answer 28

Made of monomers called nucleotides. Ex. DNA, RNA

Question 29

Polynucleotide

Answer 29

Nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester linkages

Question 30

Genomics

Answer 30

Analyzing large sets of genes or genomes

Question 31

Proteomics

Answer 31

Analyzing large sets of proteins

Question 32

Bioinformatics

Answer 32

Uses computer software and other computational tools to deal with data resulting from sequencing many genomes