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General Biology I > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First person to see cells

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2
Q

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

A

First to observe living cells

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3
Q

Magnification

A

Ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

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4
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of clarity of the image - the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

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5
Q

Contrast

A

Difference in brightness between light and dark parts of image

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6
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Focuses beam of electrons onto surface of specimen

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7
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Focuses beam of electrons through specimen

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8
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles from one another

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9
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Use the information from the DNA to make proteins

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12
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Double membrane

A

Each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

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14
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

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15
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Netlike array of proteins that maintains the shape of the nucleus

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

Discrete unit of DNA in the nucleus

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17
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

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18
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

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19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, detoxifies, smooth/rough

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20
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins covslently bonded to carbohydrates

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21
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened membranous sacs

22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can hydrolysis macromolecules

23
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycling the cells own organelles by self-eating

24
Q

Food vacuoles

A

Formed by phagocytosis

25
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Pump excess water out of cells

26
Q

Central vacuoles

A

Contain solution called sap, store ions

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

28
Q

Chloroplasts

A

In plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis

29
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment found in plant cells

30
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membranous sacs stacked to form a granum

31
Q

Stroma

A

Internal fluid of a chloroplast

32
Q

Peroxiosomes

A

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

33
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

34
Q

Microtubules

A

Thickest - tubulin polymers

35
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest - actin filaments

36
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Middle ranged thickness - keratin proteins

37
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule-organizing center

38
Q

Centrioles

A

Nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

39
Q

Flagella and cilia

A

Locomotor appendages of some cells; flagella are only in sperm cells

40
Q

Actin

A

Globular protein in a twisted double chain

41
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Cellular extensions helping cells crawl along a surface

42
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-protein interactions

43
Q

Collagen

A

Most common glycoproteins- about 40% of the human body

44
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Core of protein with lots (up to 95%) of carbohydrates

45
Q

Fibronectin

A

Binding to cell surface proteins

46
Q

Integrity

A

Attached microfilaments of cytoskeleton

47
Q

Cell junctions

A

Facilitate contact and communication between neighboring cells

48
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels that connect plant cell walls

49
Q

Tight junctions

A

Proteins seal gap between membranes of neighboring cells

50
Q

Desmosomes

A

Proteins fasten cells together into strong sheets

51
Q

Gap junctions

A

Proteins make cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

General Biology I (16 decks)

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