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Biology > Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Equations for surface area and volume

A

L x w= surface area

L x w x h=volume

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2
Q

Volume

A

Amount of space something takes up

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3
Q

How does a cell get most of its nutrients?

A

Osmosis and diffusion

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4
Q

Why is a bigger cell badder?

A
  • volume increases faster than surface area
  • surface area to volume ratio is going to decrease
  • cell will have difficulty supplying nutrients and getting rid of waste products with a smaller plasma membrane
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5
Q

What allows organisms to grow large?

A

More cells

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6
Q

How do substances move?

A

Diffusion of by motor proteins

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7
Q

What size of cells are more efficient in their transport systems?

A

Small

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8
Q

Why is a bigger cell, badder?

A
  • more area that affects communication throughout the cell

- need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell limits size

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9
Q

What prevents a cell from becoming too big?

A

Cell division

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10
Q

Cell cycle

A

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing

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11
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows, carries out regular functions, and replicates DNA (can’t see individual chromosomes)

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12
Q

G1

A

Cell grows and develops

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13
Q

S

A

DNA is replicated

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14
Q

G2

A

Prepares and checks before cell division

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15
Q

G0

A

When a cell pauses, or rests

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear material divide

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17
Q

Prophase

A

Division of the nuclear material (can see individual chromosomes)

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18
Q

How to the chromosomes become visible in prophase?

A

Chromatin coils making chromosomes visible

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19
Q

What things happen during prophase?

A
  • nucleolus breaks down
  • sister chromatids attach at the centromere
  • nuclear envelope seems to disappear
  • spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids
  • chromosomes start to move to the middle of the cell
20
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids move to the middle

21
Q

Anaphase

A

Microtubules shorten, sister chromatids separate and chromosome number doubles. Chromosomes move toward the poles

22
Q

Telophase

A

Fixers everything that prophase did

  • chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax
  • spindle apparatus disassembles
  • two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear
  • cleavage starts
23
Q

What are the 2 sister chromatids attached with?

A

Centromere

24
Q

Haploid

A

Sperm, only needs 23 chromosomes

25
Q

Diploid

A

Cell

26
Q

How many genes do we have?

A

30,000

27
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides, a new cell is created

28
Q

What’s the difference between cytokinesis in plants and in animals?

A

Animal cells have microfilaments that pinch the cytoplasm and plant cells have a cell plate that forms.

29
Q

What to checkpoints do?

A

Monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong

30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

31
Q

What happens during apoptosis?

A

Lysosomes that are full of enzymes break and spill into the cytoplasm causing the cell to shrivel and die

32
Q

What three things will a cell do if it has a flaw?

A
  • fix it
  • destroy itself
  • not catch it
33
Q

What do cyclin/CDK do?

A

Signal activities like DNA replication, protein synthesis, nuclear division (key and ignition)

34
Q

Cyclin

A

(Key) starter for after each checkpoint; different ones tell it to start different things

35
Q

CDK

A

(Ignition) starter after each checkpoint; different ones tell it to start different things

36
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled growth and division of cells

37
Q

How does cancer kill an organism?

A

Crowds out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function; forms a tumor

38
Q

Carcinogens

A

Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells; cause mutations

39
Q

Three ways we attack cancer?

A

Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

40
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • environment- choices you make, things you’re around and exposed to
  • genetics- cards you get delt
41
Q

Metastasis

A

When the cancer cells break away from the tumor and spread it to different parts of the body

42
Q

Benign

A

(Noncancerous) tumors that grow slowly and don’t spread

43
Q

Malignant

A

(Cancerous) tumors that grow rapidly and spread

44
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that can turn into any type of cell

  • reads the genes on how to be a certain type of cell
  • programs itself to be something
45
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A
  • cells of a fetus
  • divide until there is 100-150
  • not specialized
46
Q

Adult stem cell s

A
  • found in tissues in the body
  • might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
  • less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

Biology (12 decks)

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