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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

(English) mid 1600, used a microscope to view cork (cell) In little tiny rooms in a monetary, got the name cell

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2
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

(Dutch) late 1600, trying to improve the microscope, saw protist in pond water

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3
Q

Robert Brown

A

(Scottish) mid 1800, named the nucleus, bottenist

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4
Q

Matthias Schldiden

A

(German) mid 1800, bottenist, discovered all plants are made of cells, basically came up with the cell theory

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5
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

(German) mid 1800, all animals are made of cells, basically came up with the cell theory

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6
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

(Polish) mid 1800, discovered asexual cell reproduction

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7
Q

What is the cell theory (3 steps)

A
  1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. All living things are made up of cells, basic unit of structure and function
  3. Cells come from preexisting cells
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8
Q

Study parts of the microscopes

A

DO IT NOW😡

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9
Q

Steps to using a microscope (8)

A
  1. Move stage and objective as far apart as possible
  2. Clean all lenses and aperture with lens paper
  3. Adjust to low power objective
  4. Place cleaned and prepared slide on stage and at least one clip
  5. Turn microscope on
  6. Focus and center image using low power objective (adjust diaphragm)
  7. Switched to next highest objective, focus and center
  8. Switch to high power objective, focus using fine adjustment only. Image should be clear to view/draw
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10
Q

Light microscopes…

A

Uses light and lenses, zoom in up to 1,000 times its actual size

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11
Q

Electron microscopes (SEM- TEM- STM)….

A

Uses magnets and electrons, zoom in up to 500,000 times its actual size

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12
Q

SEM Microscope

A

Scanning electron microscope. Information about the surface topography and composition of the sample

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13
Q

TEM Microscope

A

Transmission electron microscope. See through the specimen

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14
Q

STM Microscope

A

Scanning tunneling electron microscope. Imaging surfaces at the atomic level

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15
Q

Stereoscope/ stereo microscope

A
  • light and lenses
  • larger specimens
  • usually around 10x
  • under and above lighting
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16
Q

What kingdoms are prokaryotic cells?

A

Simple, small

- 2 kingdoms of bacteria

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17
Q

What kingdoms are eukaryotic cells?

A

Multicellular

  • protist
  • fungus
  • plant
  • animal
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18
Q

Prokaryotic cell:

A

does not have a nucleus, unicellular, doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles, has a plasma membrane

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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Bigger, complex, has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, has a plasma membrane

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20
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells, one cell eats another and that one reproduces, symbiotic, mutual relationship, autotrophic bacteria make food

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21
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Skin for a cell

- allows nutrients to go in and out, allows waste to leave, 2 layers, fluid

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22
Q

How does the plasma membrane work?

A

Selectively permeable (chooses what goes in and out)

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23
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Glycerol with 2 fatty acid tails hanging from them. Polar head with 2 non polar tails

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24
Q

Other components of a fluid mosaic model

A

Proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

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25
Q

Proteins

A

(Half tube like) support structure, pathway for substances to enter and leave

26
Q

Cholesterol

A

(Honeycomb that stick inside) prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

27
Q

Carbohydrates

A

(Chain that looks like a stick) identify chemical signals, sugars, starches

28
Q

What is fuel for our body?

A

ATP

29
Q

Cell wall

A

An inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant cell

30
Q

Centrioles

A

Organelles that’s occur in pairs and are important for cell division (star shaped)

31
Q

Chloroplast

A

A double-membrane organelle with thylakoids containing chlorophyll; where ;photosynthesis takes place

32
Q

Cilia

A

Projections from cell surfaces that aid in locomotion and feeding; also used to sweep substances along surfaces

33
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A framework for the cell within the cytoplasm

34
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A highly folded membrane that is the site of making proteins

35
Q

Flagella

A

Projections that aid in locomotion and feeding

36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins and packages them for distribution outside the cell

37
Q

Lysosome

A

A vehicle that contains digestive enzymes for the freak down of excess or worn-out cellular substances

38
Q

Mitochondrion

A

A membrane-bound organelle that makes energy available to the rest of the cell

39
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell that contains coded directions for the production of proteins and cell division

40
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A flexible boundary that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

41
Q

Ribosome

A

Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis (little dots)

42
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-bound vesicle for the temporary storage of materials

43
Q

Cilia

A

Short, numerous projections, look like hairs, move

44
Q

Flagella

A

Longer, less numerous than cilia, create movement with a a whip like motion

45
Q

Passive transport

A

Moving particles in and out of it without energy, going with the flow

46
Q

Modes of passive transport:

A

Diffusion (facilitated diffusion, osmosis)

47
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

48
Q

What causes diffusion?

A

Collision of particles

49
Q

Diffusion is controlled by:

A

Temperature- as temp goes up diffusion goes down, pressure- as pressure goes up diffusion speed goes down, concentration- as concentration goes up diffusion speed goes up

50
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Same in every spot, molecules move but everything stays the same

51
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

52
Q

Isotonic solution

A

(Same) water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate

53
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

(More water) more water going into the cell, cell gets bigger

54
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

(Less water) has more solute, more water going out, cell shrinks

55
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Moving larger materials through the plasma membrane using channel proteins (going with the flow)

56
Q

Passive transport

A

Flows right through—- channel proteins

57
Q

Active transport

A

Against the current—- carrier proteins

58
Q

Active transport

A

Moving substances through plasma membrane using energy (against the flow)

59
Q

Types of active transport pumps:

A

-Na+/K+ ATPase pump
, sodium , potassium
-Exchange: three sodium(Na) for two potassium(K)

60
Q

Endocytosis

A

(Inside) bringing things into the cytoplasm, eating and drinking. Cell surrounds with membrane and goes into the cell. Enzymes then break it down

61
Q

Exocytosis

A

(Exit) getting rid of materials outside the cell

Biology (12 decks)

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